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| Social Reform Main Points |
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| Progressives are founded in the 1890s because the progress of the U.S. creates problems. The root of the problems were the depression, and working conditions. |
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| Americans drank a lot. Many reformers heavily supported prohibition. They were apalled by teens going to saloons and buying alcohol to bring home to the family. They were also astounded by stories of wives and children being beaten by drunken fathers. |
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| Public school systems were rigid and corrupt. Schools reinforced the bad habits and that blocked change. They wanted school to be child-centered.Reformers believed that schools should create better-educated, flexible adults. |
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| Saw what needed to be done to help slums and looked to get things passed. Also wanted to help the poor. They disapproved the clutter in the homes and the lack of privacy. Many female reformers had cluttered and unorganized homes, Hypocritical, eh? |
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| Many people thought it was bad for women to work 78 hours a week, for only $6. In Muller vs. Oregon the women got a ten hour workday. They also wanted the factories to be more clean and less dangerous. Reformers won the protection for women. They also wanted suffrage. |
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| Children in the Workplace |
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| Children were working 8 to 10 hours a day, in a dark, dangerous, and depressing factory. Businesses profited greatly by employing kids. Children were not getting educated since they worked instead of going to school. Between 1905 and 1907 about two thirds of the states had passed a child labor law. Compulsory school laws finally ended child labor. |
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| Group of writers who exposed the evils of society. Not all muckrakers were reformers. They helped with the journalistic revolution. |
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| Was a philosopher of the Darwinian movement. "Ideas could become instruments for change." |
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| Adjusting to Industrial Labor |
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| Most people had been farmers and were not use to the regime of regular work. Many were fired or quit. One-third of all workers stay at a job for less then one year. Many immigrants come with the intention of going home. About 40% return home. Many machines start to replace workers. For example: glass blowers. Many workers become tenders of machines. Turn to scientific management. Look to run factories more efficiently. |
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| Samuel Gompers the head of the AFL was thriving during the progressive era. In 1914 two million members. Some success was because companies wanted to avoid strikes. Courts will often rule in favor of the business almost making it illegal to strike. Many unions don't accept women. Eventually women are accepted into unions after they organize themselves. |
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| Leader of the AFL. He wanted to see big changes in the industrial workforce. |
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| In 1911 a huge fire on the 8th floor of a ten story building broke out. Doors locked and the elevators didn't work and there were no fire escapes. Many will jump to their deaths and over 100 died in the flames. NYC commission called for limiting women work hours to 54 hours a week. Also no one under 14 can work and also tried to improve safety conditions. |
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| Garment factories were located in New York. They employed mostly women. In 1909 a huge strike of over 20,000 workers took place. They won, but would stay at a very unsafe working conditions. Also no one under 14 can work and also tried to improve safety conditions. In 1912 Industrial Relations Commission formed to study work and labor relations. Many suggestions, but few succeeded. |
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| In 1905 in Chicago they formed the Industrial Workers of the World. (IWW) Promote the idea of class conflict. Have mixed success but most people don't believe in class struggle. AFL comes out as the strong union. |
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| Reform starts at the local level, then moves to state, then eventually gets to the national level. More democracy, and more power for people to regulate business. |
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| Cities grow rapidly from the late 1800s to early 1900s. Problems were the need for housing, transportation, and municipal services. Most cities grow about 40% from foreign born citizens. Goal of reformers was to make cities more organized and efficient. Try to reduce corruption. Start a commission to reform the government, Small groups were appointed to run the city. People who had skills in an area. Many cities elect progressive mayors to regulate utilities. |
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| Cities promote the arts, music, adult education, libraries, museums, and civic centers. They also want playgrounds and parks. |
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| States pass referendum and initiative laws. This gives people the right to start and pass laws. In 1902 Maryland passed the workers compensation law. States will pass anti- child labor acts and limit workdays. Many states elect progressive governors. Wisconsin became the laboratory of democracy and many states followed. Most reforms affect the national level in some way. |
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| Roosevelt and the Square Deal |
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| In 1901 Roosevelt became president. People feared the progressive movement. Progressives see a need for national reform. See the problem in the economic system. To reform there needed to be an expansion of the national government. |
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| New Freedom and Woodrow Wilson |
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| Wilson is vigorous and aggressive about progressive government. He was the first southerner since 1848 and only the second Democrat since the Civil War. Starts off very successful in dealing with congress. First thing is lowering the tariff. First time since the Civil War. Also increase income tax. Call for a central bank and currency control by federal government. Will create the Federal Reserve System, which provides 12 Federal Reserve banks. This brought some calm to the banking system. Still says no to woman voting and yes to segregation of blacks in federal departments. |
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| Taft and the chance for Re-election |
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| In 1908 after 2 terms Roosevelt steps down, but only to regret it. He picks his successor William Howard Taft. He won the presidency easily. He has early troubles because he was more progressive than Roosevelt. Takes on more trusts and pushes for an eight hour work day and income tax. He also fired Pinchot from the Forestry Department. This greatly upset Roosevelt and he would decide to run again for president. Democrats: Woodrow Wilson, a well educated teacher, excellent public speaker, governor of New Jersey, and was a progressive. Republican: Taft was progressive party guy. Roosevelt: Eight hour workday, six day work week, no work under 16, Social Security, and woman suffrage. Socialist party: Eugene V. Debs: Fundamental change in the American system. Two man race between Wilson and Roosevelt. Wilson promotes a more limited government. Roosevelt- 4 million, Taft- 3.5 million, Debs- nine hundred thousand, and Wilson- 6.3 million. |
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