Term
Ketoacidosis relieved by rapid breathing, which converts bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions in the blood to gaseous CO2 and Water
1. Assuming that these reactions can go in either direction, how does a state of acidosis help to increase the generation of carbon dioxide?
2. What principle describes the effect of added reactants and products on an equilibrium? |
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Definition
HW 23.12
1. The increase in H+ drives the equilibrium to the right, causing the production of CO2
2. Le Ch-atelier's Principle |
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Term
| What class of enzymes catalyzes the majority of the reactions involved in carbohydrate digestion? |
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Definition
HW 23.14
Answer: Hydrolases |
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Term
| Fatty Acids from stored triacylglycerols (fat) are not available for gluconeogenesis. We do not have the enzymes to convert fatty acids into glucose. Plants (especially seeds) do have enzymes to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. Why are they so lucky? |
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Definition
HW 23.21
Answer: Germinating seeds need to synthesize carbohydrates from fats whereas humans obtain carbohydrates from food. |
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Term
When Blood Glucose levels rise following a meal, the events listed below occur
1. insulin levels rise
2. Glucose is absorbed by cells
3. glycolysis replenished ATP supplies
4. glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) occurs with excess glucose
5. blood levels pass through normal to below normal (hypoglycemic)
6. glucagon is secreted
7. the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
In a cell, sugar can be oxidized via metabolic pathways. Alternatively, you could burn sugar in the laboratory.
which of these methods consumes or produces more energy? |
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Definition
HW 21.2
Answer: Both pathways produce the same amount of energy. |
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Term
[Photosynthesis]
6 CO2 + 6 H20 ----> (C6H12O6) + 6 O2
<----
[Oxidation]
1. Which of the 2 pathways in this cycle is exergonic and which is endergonic?
2. Where does the energy for the endergonic pathway come from? |
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Definition
HW 21.3
1. Exergonic: Oxidation of glucose
Endergonic: photosynthesis
2. Sunlight |
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Term
| Within the mitochondrion, is the pH higher in the intermembrane space or in the mitochondrial matrix? |
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Definition
HW 21.18
answer: mithochondrial matrix (inside the inner membrane) |
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Term
The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the electron-transport system
1. What is the final electron acceptor of the electron-transport system?
2. what is the function of the H+ ion in ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
HW 21.19
1. O2
2. Movement of H+ from a region of high H+ to a region of low H+, releases energy that is used in ATP synthesis |
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Term
Each of these reactions is involved in one of the 4 stages of metabolism. identify the stage in which each reaction occurs.
1. Hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose
2. Oxidation of NADH coupled w/synthesis of ATP
3. Conversion of glucose to acetyl-SCOA
4. Oxidation of acetyl-SCOA in a series of reactions where NAD+ is reduced and CO2 is produced |
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Definition
HW 21.21
1. Digestion (stage 1)
2. ATP synthesis (stage 4)
3. Glycolysis (stage 2)
4. Citric acid cycle (stage 3) |
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Term
For the first step in fatty acid catabolism, we say that ATP is used to "drive" the reaction that links the fatty acid with Co-enzyme-A.
1. without the ATP hydrolysis, would you predict that the linking of fatty acid to Co-enzyme-A would be exergonic or endergonic?
2. in the fatty acid SCOA synthesis, the hydrolysis of ATP portion is based on what major strategy of metabolism. |
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Definition
HW 21.22
1. Endergonic
2. coupled reactions |
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Term
| Describe in general terms the structure makeup of a mitochondrion? |
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Definition
HW 21.38
Answer:
-Egg Shaped
-Smooth, outer membrane
-Folded inner membrane
-Intermembrane space lies between the inner and outer membranes
-Space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| Why is ATP sometimes called a high-energy molecule? |
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Definition
HW 21.46
Answer: Energy is released when ATP transfers a phophoryl group. |
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Term
| What is the final fate of the carbons in acetyl-SCOA after several turns of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
HW 21. 58
Answer: Both carbons are oxidized to CO2 |
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Term
| What are the 2 primary functions of the electron-transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the processes of the citric acid cycle and the electron-transport chain interrelated? |
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Definition
HW 21.64
Answer: one complete CAC (citric acid cycle) produces 4 reduced Co-enzymes, which enter the electron transfer chain and ultimately generate ATP |
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Term
| What would happen to the Critic Acid Cycle if NADH and FADH2 were not re-oxidized? |
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Definition
HW 21.92
Answer: the CAC (citric acid cycle) would stop- and you would die |
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Term
| With what class of enzymes are the Co-enzymes NAD+ and FAD associated? |
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Definition
HW 21.94
Answer: oxidoreductases |
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Term
| After running a mile, you stop and breathe heavily for a short period due to oxygen debt. why do you need to breathe so heavily? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the synthetic pathways that have glucose 6-phosphate as their first reactant? |
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Definition
HW 23.2
Answer:
-Glycogenesis
-Pentose Phosphate pathway
-Glycolysis |
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Term
Compare the starting compound glucose and the final product pyruvate
1. which is oxidized to a greater extent?
2. Are there any steps in the glycolytic pathway in which an oxidation or reduction occurs? Identify the oxidizing/reducing adgent that is involved. |
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Definition
HW 23.6
1. Pyruvate
2. Step 6: glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate is oxidized.
>NAD+ is the oxidizing agent. |
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