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Definition
| the blood vessels that carry blood from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs |
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Definition
| transports blood to and from the rest of the body |
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Definition
| (efferent vessels) carry blood away from the heart |
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Definition
| (afferent vessels) return blood to the heart |
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| microscopic think walled vessels that interconnect the smallest arteries and smallest veisns |
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Definition
| (capillaries) their thin walls permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and surrounding tissue |
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Definition
| (entry chamber) recieves blood from the systematic circuit |
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Definition
| (little belly) receives blood passed from the right atrium and then pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit |
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Definition
| collects blood from pulmonary circuit and empties it into the left ventricle |
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Definition
| pumps blood into systematic circuit |
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Definition
| inferior, pointed tip of the heart |
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| region between the two pleural cavities. Also contains the Great Vessels, thymus, esophogus, and trachea. |
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Definition
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| lining of the pericardial cavity |
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Definition
| where the great vessels are attached |
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Definition
| the visceral pericardium that covers the outer surface of the heart |
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Definition
| the muscular wall of the heart, forms atria ad ventricles. Layer contains cardiac muscle tissue, blood vessels and nerves. |
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Definition
| covers the inner surface of the heart including the heart valves. |
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Term
| Where in the thoracic cavity is the heart located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the right atrium receive blood from? |
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Definition
| the systemic circuit. Superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| What drains the myocardium and returns it to this? |
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Definition
| cardiac veins; coronary sinus |
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Term
| What kind of muscles originate in the right atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the left ventricle recieve its blood from? What is the name of the cusp? |
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Definition
| The right atrium through 3 fibrous cusps. Atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) |
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Term
| What are chordae tendinae and where do they originate? What is their function? |
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Definition
| thin string like, attach at base of tricuspid and originate at papillary muscles and prevent the cusps from allowing blood backflow |
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Term
| what is the trabeculae carne? |
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Definition
| muscular ridges on the internal surfaces of right and left ventricles |
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Term
| what is the function of the moderator band and which chamber is it located in? |
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Definition
| coordinates contractions of cardiac muscles and is a muscular ridge. Right ventricle |
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Term
| What has 3 semilunar cusps that allow blood to flow from the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk then to the pulmonary veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood collects into small veins and unite to form the 4 pulmonary veins in this chamber? |
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Definition
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Term
| the left atrium contains this valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| is the left ventricle or right ventricle larger? why? |
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Definition
| left ventricle has thicker walls |
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Term
| where does the blood leave through from the left ventricle and where does it go through? |
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Definition
| aortic valve (aortic semi-lunar valve) and ascending aorta down through the aortic arch through descending aorta |
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Term
| what connects the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the AV valves? |
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Definition
| prevent backflow from ventricles to aorta |
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| what valves are considered the semilunar valves and where do they prevent backflow from? |
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Definition
| pulmonary and aortic valves; pulmonary trunk and aorta into the left and right ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike expansions of the base of the ascending aorta that prevent cusps from sticking to the walls |
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Term
| where do the coronary arteries originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| where do the coronary arteries supply blood to? |
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Definition
R- right atrium, portions of both ventricles, AV/SA nodes
L-left ventricle and left atrium, septum |
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Term
| What are the structural differences between the right and left ventricles? |
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Definition
-The right ventricle doesn’t need to work as hard to push blood through the pulmonary circuit since the lungs are close to the heart and the pulmonary blood vessels are short and wide
-Right ventricle wall is very thin
-when RV contracts, it squeezes blood against wall of left ventricle
-4 to 6x more pressure in LV
-LV is round in cross section and contains THICK muscular walls
-when LV contracts, it shortens and narrows (think of rolling up a tooth paste tube and squeezing out the rest of the toothpaste)
-LV bulges into the right ventricular cavity to make RV more efficient |
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Term
| 4. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the myocardium? That is, what structural features are present in the cells? |
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Definition
-Myocardium forms the muscular wall of the heart
-contains blood vessels, cardiac muscle tissue, and nerves
-concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue
-contains muscle bundles that wrap around atria to form figure 8s that encircle great vessels
Superficial ventricular muscles wrap around both ventricles, deeper muscle lyers spiral around ventricles toward apex |
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Term
| How does blood flow through the heart? |
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Definition
. Blood from the body flows:
-to the superior and inferior vena cava,
-then to the right atrium
-through the tricuspid valve
-to the right ventricle
-through the pulmonic valve
-to the pulmonary artery
-to the lungs
The blood picks up oxygen in the lungs, and then flows from the lungs:
-to the pulmonary veins
-to the left atrium
-through the mitral valve
-to the left ventricle
-through the aortic valve
-to the aorta
-to the body |
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Term
| How many times a day does the heart beat? On average, how many times does the heart beat per day? |
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Definition
A day: about 115,200 beats a day
Average: 80 beats per min |
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Term
| What is tachycardia? What is bradycardia? |
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Definition
Tachycardia: faster than normal heartbeat
Bradycardia: heart beat is slower than normal heartbeat |
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Term
| what are the 3 layers of the heart? |
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Definition
| endocardium, myocardium, epicardium |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral pericardium that covers outer surface of heart.Exposed mesothelium and layer of areolar connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular wall of heart. Layers of cardiac muscle tissue that wrap around. Contains blood vessels, nerves and cardiac muscle tissue. |
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Definition
| covers inner surface of heart. Composed of simple squamous epithelium |
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Term
| what is the pericardium? and what is the pericardial fliud? |
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Definition
double lining of the pericardial cavity. Lined by serous membrane that is divided into VISCERAL (outer surfaces)/ PARIETAL (inner surfaces) pericardium. (imagine pushing fist into partially inflated balloon) Base of heart is where GREAT VESSELS are attached.
-pericardial fluid: secreted by pericardial membrane. Acts as a lubricant, reducing the friction between opposing surfaces as the heart beats. |
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| 9. What are the distinguishing characteristics of arteries, veins and capillaries? How are they different? How are they the same? |
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Definition
Arteries- carry blood away from heart (efferent) RED in diagrams LARGER. Main artery=AORTA
Veins- carry blood to heart (afferent) BLUE in diagrams SMALLER
Capillaries- also called exchange vessels that exchange materials between blood and tissues |
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Term
| What are the remnants of the fetal heart? |
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Definition
LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM- CALLED (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS) IN FETAL HEART, LOCATED BETWEEN PULMONARY TRUNK AND AORTIC ARCH. IN ADULTS LIGAMENT THERE NOW. ALLOWS BLOOD TO FLOW FROM THE PULMONARY TRUNK TO SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION.
FOSSA OVALIS - CALLED (FORAMEN OVALE) IN FETAL HEART, LOCATED ON RIGHT ATRIUM WALL (ALSO WALL OF RIGHT VENTRICLE). ALLOWED BLOOD TO ENTER THE LEFT ATRIUM FROM THE RIGHT ATRIUM. |
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Term
| What is the conducting system of the heart? |
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Definition
| -The cardiac conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart muscle causing it to contract |
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Term
| what are the components of the conducting system? |
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Definition
| AV/ SV nodes, av bundles, bundle branches, internodal pathways, septum, purkinje fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| in posterior wall of right atrium. Contains PACEMAKER CELLS that establish heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| larger sits in floor of right atrium near opening of the coronary sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the only electrical connections between the atria and ventricles. |
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Term
| what is the right/left bundle branches? |
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Definition
| when an impulse enters the AV bundle, it travels to the interventricular septum and enters these. The left supplies the left ventricle and is larger. Both move towards apex of heart. Deliver impulse along the moderator band to papillary muscles |
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Term
| what are the purkinje fibers? |
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Definition
| : the bundle branches conduct impulses to these |
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Term
| what are contractile cells? |
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Definition
| interconnect nodes and distribute the contractile stimulus throughout myocardium. Found in INTERNODAL PATHWAYS that give stimulus to atrial muscle cells as this electrical impulse travels from SA node to AV node. |
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Term
| what are the steps of conduction in the heart? |
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Definition
1. Atrial ACTIVATION and SA node activity begin.
2. The action potential travels from SA node to AV node through internodal pathways. Conducting cells are passed to both atria.
3. The impulse is slowing down as it enters the AV node because the nodal cells are smaller than conducting cells. Atrial CONTRACTION. This is important so that the ventricles don’t contract before the atria are finished.
4. The impulse enters the AV bundle
5. Travels down interventricular septum
6. Enters right and left bundle branches
7. The impulse is conducted to the Purkinje fibers through the moderator band to the papillary muscles |
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Term
| what is a systole and diastole? |
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Definition
Systole- contraction. The chamber contracts and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber or into an arterial trunk
Diastole- relaxation. The chamber fills with blood and prepares for the next cardiac cycle. |
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Term
| what are the phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1. ATRIAL SYSTOLE: atria contract, filling ventricles completely.
2. Atrial Systole ends, Atrial Diastole begins.
3. Ventricular Systole- first phase: ventricular contraction pushes AV vavles closed but don’t create enough pressure to open semilunar valves.
4. Ventricular systole- second phase: as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.
5. Ventricular diastole-early: as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drop and blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves. Blood flows into relaxed atria.
6. Ventricular diastole-late: all chambers= relaxed and ventricles fill passively. |
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Term
| what is the pressure and volume relationship in the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
1. atrial contraction begins
2. atria eject blood into ventricles
3. atrial systole ends; AV valves close
4. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction (the blood does not flow out)
5. ventricular ejection occurs
6. semilunar valves close
7. isovolumetric relaxation occurs
8. AV Valves open, passive ventricular filling occurs |
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Term
| What happens if the valves are faulty? What is a heart murmur? What is heart failure? |
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Definition
-if the valves are faulty or problems with papillary muscles/ chorade ten are damaged, heart valves may not close properly.
Heart murmur: the sounds that occur during heart regurgitation. They are very common and inconsequential. HEART FAILURE: damage to one or both of the ventricles can leave the heart unable to pump enough blood through peripheral organs and tissues. |
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Term
| 15. What is EDV? What is ESV? What is ejection fraction? What is cardiac reserve? What is Starling’s Law? What is stroke volume? |
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Definition
End Diastolic Volume: the amt. of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole
End Systolic Volume: the amt. of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of ventricular systole.
Ejection fraction: percentage of EDV represented by the stroke volume
Stroke Volume: amt. of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single beat. SV=EDV-ESV.
Cardiac Output (CO) (mL/min) = HR (beats/min) x SV (mL/beat)
Cardiac Reserve
Starling’s Law: the greater the EDV, the more powerful the succeeding contraction is. |
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Term
| What is preload? What is afterload? What is peripheral resistance? |
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Definition
Preload: stretching in the ventricular muscle cells during ventricular diastole (degree of myocardia stretching) The greater the EDV, the larger the preload. Affects the ability of the muscle cells to produce tension.
Afterload: amount of tension that the contracting ventricle must produce to force open the semilunar valve and eject blood. Any factor that restricts blood flow through the arterial system increases afterload. |
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Term
| What do each of the segments of an EKG represent? |
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Definition
EKG: electrical events in the heart specifically when a wave of depolarization spreads through the atria, pauses at AV node, goes down septum to apex, then spreads through ventricular myocardium towards the base. Electrodes are placed around body.
P wave: depolarization of the atria= atrial contraction
QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization
R wave: peak; ventricles begin contracting
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: start of the atrial depolarization to QRS Complex (ventricular depolarization)
Q-T interval: time required for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and repolarization |
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Term
| What is venous reserve? What is vasomotion? |
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Definition
Vasomotion- the rhythmic changes in vessel diameter. Blood flow occurs in pulses not steady/ constant stream
Venous reserve- the amt of blood that can be shifted from veins in liver, skin, and lungs to the general circulation. It can be maintained after significant blood loss. |
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Term
| What is vasoconstriction? What is vasodilation? What is autoregulation? |
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Definition
Vasoconstriction- contraction of arterial smooth muscle by the ANS
Vasodilation- relaxation of arterial smooth muscle.
Autoregulation- |
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Term
| 23. What is total peripheral resistance? What is circulatory pressure? What is blood pressure? As blood is flowing through the body, when does pressure rise and when does pressure drop? |
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Definition
Total Peripheral Resistance: Vascular resistance- the forces that oppose blood flow in the blood vessels. The friction between blood and vessel walls depends on vessel length and diameter.
Blood viscosity- the resistance to flow caused by interactions among molecules and suspended materials in liquids.
Turbulence- high flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter that upset the flow of blood creating eddies ad swirls. Occurs when blood flows between atria and ventricles and then ventricles and aortic/pulmonary trunks.
Blood pressure- arterial pressure reported in mercury |
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