Term
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Definition
*Lincoln's Inaugural Address: There would be no conflict unless South provoked it
-Secession was impractical because physically speaking we cannot separate
-Sectional divorce might have been more feasible if the North and South were divided by mountains or a river |
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Term
| The Menace of Secession (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Secession created new controversies
-What share of the national debt should the South be forced to take with it?
-What portion of the jointly held federal territories, if any, should the Confederate states be allotted areas so largely won with southern blood?
-How would the fugitive slave issue be resolved? |
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Term
| The Menace of Secession (Continued...) |
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Definition
*European Nations delighted at separation between North and South
-Could put North against South vice versa
-The colonies of the European powers in the NEw World, would thus be made safer against Yankees
-European imperialists with no republic to stand across their path could seize territory in the Americas |
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Term
| South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter |
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Definition
*Seceded states seized the United States' arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders
-Only two significant forts in the South supported Union
-Fort Sumter: had provisions that would last only a few weeks, if no supplies were forthcoming, the commander would have to surrender
-If Lincoln sent reinforcements, South Carolinians would fight back
*Lincoln's Middle of road solution: notified S. Carolinians that an expedition would be sent to provision fort, not to reinforce it |
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Term
| South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter (Continued...) |
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Definition
-Union naval force on its way to Fort Sumter: As a result South Carolinians opened fire on fort; garrison surrendered
* Assault on Fort Sumter provoked North to a fighting pitch
-Lincoln issues a call to the states for 75 thousand militiamen and volunteers (so many wanted to fight a lot of them were turned away)
-Blockade of Southern Seaports
*Virginia Arkansas, and Tennessee joined states that had already seceded from the union |
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Term
| Brothers' Blood and Border Blood |
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Definition
*Border States: Consisted of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia
-Border states contained a white population more than half of the entire confederacy
*Border states were very valuable
-could almost double the manufacturing capacity of south and increase supply of horses and mules
-contained Ohio river + contained Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, |
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Term
| Brothers' Blood and Border Blood (Continued...) |
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Definition
penetrated deep into heart of Dixie, where most of Confederacy grain, gunpowder, and iron was produced
-In order to deal with Border States, Lincoln had to use methods of legality
-Sent in troops in Maryland (threatened to cut off Washington from N.)
Virginia, and Missouri
*Any official statement of the North's war aims was profoundly influenced by Border states |
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Term
| Brothers' Blood and Border Blood (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Lincoln obliged to declare publicly that he was not fighting to free blacks, if he did it would drive Border States to the South
-Claimed purpose was to save the Union at all costs
*Slavery colored the character of the war in west
-Some Indians sided with Confederacy because they owned slaves
-Some Cherokees and most Plains Indians sided with Union
*Families in border states split: some members sided with Union others supported Confederacy |
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Term
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Definition
*Southern Advantages:
-Confederacy has to fight defensively behind interior lines; North has to invade Confederacy, conquer it, and drag it back to Union
-Did not have to win war in order to win its independence; only had to fight until it was a draw
-Southerners had an advantage in morale
-Had most talented officers such as General Robert E. Lee |
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Term
| The Balance of Forces (Continued...) |
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Definition
-Southerners were more accustomed to hard work and fighting; made excellent cavalrymen and foot soldiers
*Southern Handicap:
-as one immense farm South was handicapped by the scarcity of factories
-Grave shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets, food
-Hunger caused breakdown of South's transportation system
-Economy; while it was North's greatest strength |
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Term
| The Balance of Forces (Continued...) |
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Definition
-North controlled sea; had vast superior navy that established a blockade that choked off Southern supplies and morale
-Union had a larger reserve of manpower (including many immigrants)
-Lincoln hires General Ulysses Simpson Grant |
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Term
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Definition
*South counted on foreign intervention for a successful revolution
-foreign intervention did not happen and south lost
-Europe was sympathetic to Confederacy; cherished a kind of fellow-feeling for South's semifeudal, aristocratic social order
-Masses of working people in Britain and some in France wanted North to win; if north wins, it could extinguish slavery: sobered British government from intervention |
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Term
| Dethroning King Cotton (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Why did King Cotton fail them? After all, British textile mills depended on American South for 75 percent of their cotton supplies
-Was so lavishly productive in immediate prewar years; enormous exports of cotton in those years created surpluses in British warehouses
-During cotton famine in Britain, British depended on Northerners for foodstuff, grain, and corn; got cotton from Egypt and India |
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Term
| The Decisiveness of Diplomacy |
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Definition
*Crisises with Britain:
-Trent Affair: Union warship on the seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail steamer, the Trent, and forcibly removed two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe
-Britons were outraged and demanded surrender of the prisoners and an apology
-Lincoln released prisoners and said "One War at a time"
*Another crisis in Britain/American relationships rose over the unnetural building in Britain of COnfederate commerce-raiders |
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Term
| The Decisiveness of Diplomacy (Continued..) |
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Definition
-Alabama, Confedeate vessel technically warships, left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere; flew Confederate flag and officered by Confederates, it was manned by British
-Therefore, Britain was the chief naval base of the Confederacy |
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Term
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Definition
*1863- Confederate warships being ocnstructed in the shipyard of John Laird and Sons in Great Britain:deisgned to destroy ships of the Union navy with their iron rams and large caliber guns
*Eventually, the London government relented and bought the two ships for the Royal Navy
*American rancor was also directed at Canada, where despite the vigilance of British authorities, Southern agents plotted to burn Northern cities: Canadians condemned the Washington government for permitting such violations of neutrality |
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Term
| Foreign Flare-ups (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Two great nations emerged from the fiery furnace of the American Civil War: Reunited United States and united Canada (British Parliament established the Dominion of Canada)
*Emperor Napoleon 3 of France dispatched a French army to occupy Mexico City and installed Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico (violation of Monroe doctrine + France counting on the Union collapsing, too weak to enforce Monroe Doctrine)
*Northern Walk-on-eggs policy towards France: Secretary of State Seward with the authority of million wartempered bayonets, prepared to march South, Napoleon too "French leave" of Mexico city |
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Term
| President Davis Versus President Lincoln |
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Definition
*Confederate government like King Cotton had federal weaknesses:
-Created by secession, could not logically deny future secession to its constituent states
-Determined states' rights supporters fought Jefferson Davis to the end despite his ideas for well-knit central government
*States' rights were no less damaging to the Confederacy than Yankee sabers |
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Term
| President David Versus President Lincoln (Continued...) |
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Definition
*President Davis:
-Never enjoyed real personal popularity
-There was serious talk of impeaching him (Inclined to defy rather than lead public opinion)
-Task of dealing with details of both civil government and military operations proved beyond his powers |
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Term
| President David Versus President Lincoln (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Lincoln had troubles, but they were less prostrating
-Long-established government, financially stable, fully recognized both at home and abroad
-Lincoln developed a genuis for interpreting and leading a ficle public opinion (demonstrated charitableness toward south and forbearance toward backbiting colleagues |
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Term
| Limitations on Wartime Liberties |
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Definition
*Lincoln proceeded to tear a few holes in the Constitution-he concluded that if he did not do so and patch the parchment later, there might not be a Constitution of a united United States to mend
*Congress, as if often true in times of crisis, generally accepted or confirmed the president's questionable acts (Lincoln believed after the Union was preserved he would no longer have such ironhanded authority) |
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Term
| Limitations on Wartime Liberties (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Since Congress was not in session when the war began, Lincoln arbitrarily:
-proclaimed a blockade
-increased the size of the Federal army
-Directed Secretary of treasury to advance 2 million dollars to three private citizens for military purposes
-Suspended privilege of the writ of habeas corpus |
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Term
| Limitations on Wartime Liberties (Continued...) |
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Definition
| *Jefferson Davis was less able to exercise arbitrary power because of confirmed states' righters fanned an intense spirit of localism (South seemed willing to lose war before it would surrender local rights (and it did) |
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Term
| Volunteers and Draftees: North and South |
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Definition
*Northern armies needed a lot of men to serve in the war
-was first manned by volunteers, but as volunteering slacked off, Congress passed a federal conscription law for the first time on a nationwide scale
*Poor americans had disadvantage, they needed to pay 300 dollars or have to be drafted unlike the rich
-draft was especially hated in the Democratic strongholds of the North, notably NYC |
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Term
| Volunteers and Draftees: North and South (Continued...) |
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Definition
(frightful riot broke out in 1863, touched off largely by underprivileged and antiblack Irish Americans)
*As able-bodied men became scarer, generous bounties for enlistment were offered by federal, state and local authorities
*"bounty brokers" and "substitute brokers" volunteered for the money and deserted one army to volunteer elsewhere gaining even more money |
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Term
| Volunteers and Draftees: North and South (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Confederate draft regulations:
-Rich man could hire a substitute or purchase exemption.
-Slave owners or overseers with twenty slaves might also claim exemption
(These special privileges, later modified made for bad feelings among the less prosperous, many of whom complained that this was a rich man's war, but a poor man's fight) |
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Term
| The Economic Stresses of War |
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Definition
*North rode through the financial breakers much more smoothly than the South
-excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol increased by Congress + income tax levied
-customs receipts proved to be important revenue-raisers
*Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act, superseding the low tariff of 1857-increased the existing duties some 5 to 10 percent |
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Term
| The Economic Stresses of War (Continued...) |
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Definition
-rates were soon pushed sharply upward by necessities of war
-Increases were designed to provide more protection for manufacturers, protective tariff became identified with Republican party
*Washington treasury greenbacked paper money-holders of notes, victims of creeping inflation were indirectly taxed as the value of currency slowly withered
-Federal treasury netted $ through the sale of bonds which bore interest and which were payable |
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Term
| The Economic Stresses of War (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Financial Landmark of the war: National Banking System -launched partly as a stimulant to the sale of government bonds, also designed to establish a standard bank-note currency
-banks that joined it could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them
-National Banking Act was a significant step taken toward a unified banking network |
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Term
| The Economic Stresses of War (Continued...) |
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Definition
*Financial Woes of South: Customs duties chocked off due to Union blockade
-Southerners were immovably opposed to heavy direct taxation by the central authority
-As revenue began to dry up, Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money with complete abandon |
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Term
| The North's Economic Boom |
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Definition
*North fought four long years and emerged seemingly more prosperous than ever before
-New Factories
-Civil War bred a millionaire class: emergence illustrated the truth that some greed always mar the devotion and self-sacrifice called forth by war
*Dishonest agents, putting profits above patriotism palmed off aged and blind horses on government purchasers
*Newly invented laborsaving machinery enabled the North to expand economically: marriage of military need and innovative machinery largely ended the production of custom tailored clothing |
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Term
| The North's Economic Boom (Continued...) |
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Definition
-Profits from mechanical reapers made helped the North buy munitions and supplies abroad; released farm boys for army
*Discovery of petroleum gushers
*The Civil War opened new opportunities for women, when men departed women often took their jobs
*Women on both sides stepped up to fighting front or close behind it
-Pose as male soldiers; spies
-Trained nurses, collected medical supplies, equipped hospitals |
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Term
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Definition
*Results of War on South:
-Civil War squeezed the average southern income to two fifths of the Northern level, where it remained for the rest of the century
-Transportation collapsed: South pulled up less used rails to repair main ones and for other items
*South's resourcefulness:
-Women cut off their hair to be sold abroad
-Women denied themselves silks and satins |
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Term
| A Crush Cotton Kingdom (Continued...) |
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Definition
*A crippled South left the capitalistic North free to work its own way, with high tariffs and other benefits
*Manufacturing moguls of the North, ushering in the full-fledged Industrial Revolution
-Agrarian "slavocracy" of the South partially checked the ambitions of the rising plutocracy of North |
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