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Definition
European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce
Significance: -established in Africa with consent of local rulers, who benefitted as well
Analyze: -Portuguese army was not strong enough to penetrate central regions of Africa; local rulers were given imported goods |
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Most important of early Portuguese trading factories in forest zone of Africa
Significance: -acted as a major trading post and brought in much revenue
Analyze: -located in gold-producing region of Africa |
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King of Kongo south of Zaire river from 1507-1543; converted to Christianity and took title Alfonso I; under Portuguese influence attempted to Christianize all of kingdom
Significance: -example of influence of missionary efforts
-tried unsuccessfully to end slave trade
Analyze: -he converted to Christianity
-Portuguese had control over Kongo's communication with other regions |
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Definition
Portuguese factory established in 1520s south of Kongo; became basis for Portuguese colony of Angola
Significance: -permanent settlement that became basis for colony of Angola
-inspired other nations to enter area
Analyze: -necessary in order to secure trading system
-monetary income was appealing to other nations like the Dutch, English, and French |
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Term
page 450
Royal African Company |
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Definition
Chartered in 1660s to est. monopoly over slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia
Significance: -supplied African slaves to the Americas
Analyze: -cheap labor allowed the British to make money without spending hardly any |
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Definition
Term used within the complex exchange system established by the Spanish for African trade; referred to the value of an adult male slave
Significance: -exemplified Spaniards' view of African natives
Analyze: -due to their primitive lifestyle, Africans were viewed as inhumane and barbaric; therefore, they were supposedly only worthy of slavery |
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Definition
Commerce linking Africa, New World colonies, and Europe; slaves carried to America for sugar and tobacco transported to Europe.
Significance: -shows direct links of slaves to the luxury goods enjoyed by Europeans
Analyze: -slaves were taken from Africa and sent to the New World, where they labored to produce goods such as sugar and tobacco, which were then imported to Europe for consumption |
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Term
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Definition
Established in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650
Significance: -demonstrated somewhat beneficial effects of slave trade
Analyze: -control of gold-producing zones and trading slaves in return for firearms kept the empire wealthy and in control |
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Term
page 454
Osei Tutu
(r. 1675-1717) |
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Definition
Member of Oyoko clan of Akan peoples in Gold Coast region of Africa; responsible for creating unified Asante Empire in 1701; utilized Western firearms
Significance: -united Asante Empire in 1701 through centralization and expansion
Analyze: -wealth and firearms amassed from trade with Europeans made Osei Tutu a stronger political leader |
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Term
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Definition
Title taken by ruler of Asante Empire; supreme civil and religious leader; authority symbolized by golden stool
Significance: -designates title of supreme civil and religious leader
-advised by all-Asante council
Analyze: -title separated ruler from rest of society and gave them monarchical status |
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Definition
Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves
Significance: -created autocratic and often brutal political regime
-imposed own traditions and beliefs on conquered peoples
Analyze: -access to Western firearms allowed despotic government to develop |
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Definition
Nilotic people who migrated from upper Nile valley; established dynasty among existing Bantu population in lake region of central eastern Africa; center at Bunyoro
Significance: -established dynasty controlling states in area of large lakes of east central Africa
Analyze: -pastoralist peoples from upper Nile valley moved southward (modern day Kenya and Uganda) and came into contact with native Bantu people, who absorbed them and their culture |
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Definition
Pastoral people of western Sudan; adopted purifying Sufi variant of Islam; under Usuman Dan Fodio in 1804, launched revolt against Hausa kingdoms; established state centered on Sokoto
Significance: -under Usuman Dan Fodio, they revolted against the Hausa kingdom
-revolt resulted in establishment of Sokoto state under a caliph
Analyze: -preaching of reformist ideology by Dan Fodio
-destruction of former kingdom allowed formation of new one |
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Definition
Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal
Significance: -produced settlement of regions located north of Natal and Orange River
Analyze: -abolishment of slavery and imposition of landholding restrictions by the British caused Boers to migrate in hopes of escaping these laws |
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Definition
Wars of 19th century in southern Africa; created by Zulu expansion under Shaka; revolutionized political organization of southern Africa
Significance: -led to development of other states like Swazi and Lesotho
Analyze: -fleeing peoples raided the Portuguese, fought with Europeans, and battled with neighboring chiefdoms
-states adopted Zulu ideology |
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Definition
New African state formed on model of Zulu chiefdom; survived mfecane
Significance: -adopted aspects of Zulu society and built durable state that lasted through the mfecane (wars of crushing and wandering)
Analyze: -strong political systems and capable warriors allowed the state to survive |
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Term
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Definition
Southern African state that survived mfecane; not based on Zulu model; less emphasis on military organization, less authoritarian government
Significance: -unlike Swazi, state had much less focus on militaristic principles and more on a society ruled by opinion of the people
Analyze: -by uniting Nguni and Sotho peoples, the Nguni could be defeated, allowing Lesotho to develop |
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Term
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Definition
Slave voyage from Africa to Americas (16th-18th centuries); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves, although it failed to strip them of their culture
Significance: -brought captives to New World, where they would be enslaved and forced to work in mines and on plantations
-endured horrific conditions but retained culture
Analyze: -Europeans needed increasing amounts of slaves due to diseases, poor treatment, starvation, et cetera |
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Term
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Definition
Slaves transported from Africa; almost invariably black
Significance: -members of class system; separated from Creoles or mulattos by skin color and, presumably, fewer rights
Analyze: -Creoles or mulattos had more rights due to their European/white heritage, whereas "saltwater slaves" had no apparent caucasian bloodlines |
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Definition
American-born descendants of saltwater slaves; result of sexual exploitation of slave women or process of miscegenation
Significance: -instance of abuses against slaves, as well as emerging social classes
Analyze: -due to the fact that slaves had no rights, they were often taken advantage of
-offspring may have had higher social standing because of white predecessors |
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Term
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Definition
African religious ideas and practices in the English and French Caribbean islands
Significance: -instance of retained African culture in New World
-those well versed in religion were held with high regard
Analyze: -despite brutal treatment and hardships, many Africans kept their beliefs alive
-like any religion, there are officials who are venerated |
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Definition
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people
Significance: -still exists today
Analyze: -result of African slaves retaining religious beliefs and bringing them to the New World |
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Definition
African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti
Significance: -has remained in society to this day, despite attempts by government to suppress it
Analyze: -if one's religious beliefs are strong enough, they will withstand any threat |
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Term
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Definition
Kingdom of runaway slaves with a population of 8000 to 10,000 people; located in Brazil during 17th century
Significance: -resisted Portuguese and Dutch attempts of destruction
Analyze: -war-based society of Africa may have been beneficial in defense against Portuguese and Dutch |
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Definition
Formerly a Dutch plantation colony on the coast of South America; location of runaway slave kingdom in 18th century; able to retain independence despite attempts to crush guerrilla resistance
Significance: -often fought with expedition groups meant to hunt and kill them; usually succeeded
-epitome of Afro-Eurasian culture
Analyze: -ability to hold on to fighting skills and dignity
-amalgamation of African, Native American, and European cultures |
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Term
page 465
William Wilberforce |
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Definition
British statesman and reformer; leader of abolitionist movement in English parliament that led to end of English trade in 1807.
Significance: -led humanitarian movement that led to abolition of English slavery
Analyze: -result of Enlightenment and growing interest in human rights
-debate amongst parliamentary members ultimately ruled against continuation of slavery |
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