Term
Bacterial meningitis
Definition / Symptoms / Diagnosis |
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Definition
Progressive impairment of CNS leading to coma or death (even with treatment).
Headaches, light sensitivity, sudden high fever, back complications, behavioral changes.
Culture / Gram stain from spinal fluid ID's pathogen |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis
Causative Agents |
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Definition
1. Any bacteria of the normal flora
2. Most common are H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes. |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis:
Hemophilus infections are common in ________
What vaccine is given as part of childhood vaccinations? |
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Definition
1. young children.
2. Hib vaccine |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis:
Meningococcal meningitis is caused by __________
It's highly contagious via _________ routes, saliva, and _______ secretions. |
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Definition
| Neisseria, respiratory, nasal |
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Term
| Meningococcal meningitis is prevalent in _________ & ________ adult populations in crowded surroundings. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis:
Streptococcus infections are common in _________ and the hospitalized ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis:
Listeriosis is most dangerous to _________women, fetuses, and _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:
Neisseria - droplets, _________, ________ secretions in ________ spaces. |
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Definition
| saliva, nasal, overcrowded |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:
Listeria - __________ milk, cheese, _________ meats, ________ meats, and aged soft ___________. |
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Definition
| unapasteurized, undercooked, processed, cheeses. |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:
Streptococcus bacteria are __________ resident flora that overgrow when __________is impaired in the host. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:
Hemophilus are opportunistic pathogens common to adults but most __________ in children. |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:
Prompt treatment is crucial in bacterial meningitis since the rates of mortality can be high:
S. pneumoniae ___-___%
H. influenzae __%
N. meningitis__% |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:
Antibiotics such as _________ and __________ may be used against N. meningitis and S. pneumoniae and Listeria. |
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Definition
| penicillins, erythromycin |
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Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:
Chloramphenicol may be used against______________. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:
A chronic ___________infection that leads to the gradual destruction of _________ in the infected individual |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:
Leprosy may begin as a ____________ form and then progress to ___________ form. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:
_________ bacilli may be cultured from the extremities of individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:
Incubation can last for ________ (time). |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:
Mycobacterium ___________ is the causative agent of leprosy. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:
Bacteria enters through _________ in the skin and ________ nerve tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:
A progressive loss of ____________ leads to tissue _________, and unnoticed trauma, which can then lead to secondary __________ and tissue ___________. |
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Definition
| sensation, atrophy, infection, degeneration |
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:
_______, long term, _______ to _______ contact. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:
_________ secretions from infected individuals. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:
__________risk is fairly low...especially if routine aspesis is observed. But ________ living conditions may exacerbate transmission. |
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Definition
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Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) prevention/treatment:
Prolonged treatment (__ years +) w/ Dapsone, _______, and Clofazimine will cure the infection. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:
Typical symptoms include rapid onset of _______, ____ mouth, constipation, _________ weakness, mental confusion, diplopia, and ___________. |
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Definition
| nausea, dry, generalized, dysphagia. |
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Term
Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:
A _____ ________ of the entire body may ensue. Death results from _________ of the ________ and breathing apparatus. Incubation is ___to ___ hrs. |
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Definition
| flaccid paralysis, paralysis, heart, 24-48 |
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
________ botulinum is the causative agent of botulism |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
Favorable conditions consist of_____,_____,____,____. |
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Definition
| Anaerobic environment, neutral pH, mesophilic temp, high protein medium such as meats, eggs, beans, etc. |
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
_________ cells will produce the ________ toxin in the food. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
Outbreaks have been attributed to ________ stored food and incomplete __________ of canned foods. |
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Definition
| improperly, sterilization |
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
_______botulism occurs if C. botulinum is ingested in children under 1 yr of age. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:
_______botulism occurs if soil or fecal matter enters a gash or laceration (i.e. open skin injury). |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism transmission:
__________of toxin in contaminated foods. It is also non-__________. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:
Prevented by careful _____________ and ____________ of foods. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:
Endospores won't germinate in __________ conditions, ________osmotic pressure. __________ of food will destroy the toxin. |
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Definition
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Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:
Treated with _______ antitoxin, ________washing, and _________support. _________ are used w/ infant and wound botulism. |
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Definition
| BIG, intestinal, cardiopulmonary, antibiotics |
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Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:
_______ or ________ paralysis due to production of ________ _______ in a contaminated wound. |
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Definition
| Rigid, spastic, clostridial endotoxin |
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Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:
Prodrome begins w/ _____,______,_____,_______ |
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Definition
| headaches, fever, irritability, and rigid facial paralysis of the face and neck |
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Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:
Symptoms progress until eventually ______ and ______ (in 50% of cases) ensues. |
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Definition
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Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:
Onset is usually _______days after injury w/ a contaminated object. |
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Definition
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Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:
Intoxication by __________ exotoxin produced by ________ _________ is the cause of tetanus. |
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Definition
| tetanospasmin exotoxin, clostridium tetani |
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Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:
Enters through penetrating ______, ______, & _____ and germinates in the __________ tissue |
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Definition
| wounds, lacerations, and burns, anaerobic |
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Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:
LD50 of tetanus is ______ |
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Definition
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Term
Tetanus prevention and treatment:
Immunization w/ ______ ______ is routinely practiced |
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Definition
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Term
Tetanus prevention and treatment:
Vaccine is effective for __-__ years (w/ boosters) |
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Definition
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Term
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms
Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Viral meningitis causative agent/contributing factors:
Herpes, ______, _____- Barr virus, Coxsackie, _______
Incubation is ___-____ days, with a ___-___ day duration. |
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Definition
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Term
Viral meningitis transmission:
______ of virus from infected individuals, can survive in _______ and chlorinated _____ ______. |
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Definition
| shedding, water, swimming pools |
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Term
Viral meningitis prevention/treatment:
Frequent ____ ______, avoidance of ________ pools.
No specific therapy other than ____, ______, and ______ treatment |
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Definition
| hand washing, crowded, rest, hydration, palliative |
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Term
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms
Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:
Initial symptoms include a ___-____ or _____-throat prodrome. E.g. headaches, sore throat, fever, nausea. |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:
Polio virus can cause _______ of limbs and _______ apparatuses by infecting _____ _____ _____ in the upper spinal cord. |
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Definition
| paralysis, respiratory, motor nerve calls |
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Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:
Only ____% develop symptoms of polio, and only __% the paralyzing form. |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis causative agent:
___________ virus is the causative agent |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis transmission:
_____/_____ route by fecal contamination of water sources. |
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Definition
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Term
Poliomyelitis prevention/treatment:
Two vaccines...the _____ vaccine (inactive and requires boosters), and the ______ vaccine (active and provides lifelong immunity).
Current vaccine in US is the ______ (inactive polio vaccine IPV) |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis
Characterized by fatal ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies symptoms/diagnosis:
Incubation is ___ to ___ weeks |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:
Initial symptoms are _______ behavior, _______, muscle _______, and stupor. |
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Definition
| agitated, hallucinations, spasms |
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Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:
Advanced symptoms are __________, ________ behavior, hydrophobia, __________, and coma. |
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Definition
| salivation, aggressive, paralysis |
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Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:
2 syndromes are "_______" and "_____" rabies. The disease is ____________ once symptoms have appeared. |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:
Caused by the _____________ which primarily affects ___________ mammals but infection can pass to herbivores. |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:
Most common resovoirs are ______, raccoons, ______, foxes, and coyotes...as well as some domesticated animals as well. |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies transmission:
________ bites, contact of infected animals and their ______ ______.
Contact with virus through _______, _______, or ________. |
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Definition
Bites, body fluids,
breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, inhalation. |
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Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:
All domesticated _____ & ______ should be routinely vaccinated. ______ population should be controlled. |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:
Post bite, immediately ______ wound with soap and water and report to health authorities. |
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Definition
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Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:
Current vaccine employs human rabies _______ ___________ (HRIG) at the ____ _____ AND inactive virus vaccine (HDCV) using ___-___ intra muscular doses. |
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Definition
| anti-immunoglobulin, bite site, 5-6 |
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Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:
There is __ _________ _________ for people exhibiting rabies prodrome or syndrome. |
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Definition
| no reliable treatment (no cure) |
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Term
Arboviral Encephalitis Symptoms/Diagnosis:
Typical sign's and symptoms of ____________
High ___ titers with incubation of __ to __ days |
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Definition
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Term
Arboviral Encephalitis transmission:
________ carry the virus (and their eggs which survive winters) |
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Definition
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Term
Arboviral Encephalitis causative agent/contributing factors:
6 different viruses cause it:
_____ & _____ equine viruses, _______ equine, St. _______, West _______ virus, _________ or La Crosse |
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Definition
| East, Western, Venezuelan, Louis, Nile, California |
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Term
Arboviral Encephalitis Prevention/treatment:
Control and eradication of ____________. Use of _______ repellants. Patients will require hospitalization, ___ fluids, and ______ support |
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Definition
| mosquitoes, insect, IV, respiratory |
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Term
Cryptococcosis symptoms:
It's a _________ meningitis w/ typical symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
Cryptococcosis causative agent/contributing factors:
Cryptococcus ________, a dimorphic yeast is the agent. Targets the __________ suppressed and typically _______ if left untreated. |
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Definition
| neoformans, immuno, fatal |
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Term
Cryptococcosis Transmission:
_________ of spores present in _______ or _______ droppings |
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Definition
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Term
Cryptococcosis Prevention/treatment:
Amphotericin B and ___________ for 6-10 wks |
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Definition
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Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy
Symptoms & diagnosis |
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Definition
Rapidly progressing & fatal
Diagnosed via eye scrapings, spinal fluid, or brain biopsies |
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Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy
Causative agent/factors |
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Definition
| Naegleria fowleri found in stagnant water...prevalent throughout Texas |
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Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy
Transmission is through contact with __________ and is most prevailing during _______ conditions. Enters through _________ membranes |
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Definition
| stagnant (non-chlorinated) water, drought, mucous |
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Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy
Prevention and treatment |
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Definition
Avoidance of stagnant water, proper chlorination of pools.
Therapy includes miconazole, sulfadiazene, tetracycline, at early onset of disease. 90% fatality rate. |
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Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):
Symptoms and diagnosis |
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Definition
Symptoms are chronic degeneration of the brain leading to aberrant behavior.
Diagnosis through symptoms and brain sections under microscope. Uniformly fatal. |
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Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):
Causative agent/contributing factors |
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Definition
| An infectious prion found to exist in sheep, cows, and humans is the agent. |
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Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):
Transmission |
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Definition
| ingestion of contaminated meat. |
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Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):
Treatments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vary, but most can damage the eye and cause blindeness |
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Term
Eye infections
Causative/contributing factors |
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Definition
Pink eye - hemophilus
Trachoma - chlamydia
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia - neisseria
Herpetic keratitis - hsv
Acanthamoeba keratitus - acanthamoeba |
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Term
Eye infections
Transmission |
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Definition
Gonorrheal and chlaydial infections transmitted during childbirth.
Herpes by indirect contact w/ herpes lesion fluid. Acanthamoeba from contact w/ stagnant water or contaminated contact solution. |
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Term
Eye infections
Prevention / treatment |
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Definition
Propholaxis w/ antibiotics of newborns to prevent infection, trifluridine for HSV, ketoconazole for Acanthomoeba.
Topical use of gentamycin used for pink eye. |
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