Term
|
Definition
| Defined as the exchange of gases between the atmosphere, lungs, blood and tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic components of respiration? |
|
Definition
1.)Pulmonary Ventilation
2.)External Respiration
3.)Internal Respiration |
|
|
Term
| What is Pulmonary Ventinlation? |
|
Definition
Moving air into and out of the respiratory tract.
Inhalation and exhalation: the exchange between the atmosphere and the lungs.
BREATHING |
|
|
Term
| What is External Respiration? |
|
Definition
| The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood. Oxygen moves from the lungs into the blood while carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is Internal respiration? |
|
Definition
| The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues. Oxygen moves from blood to tissues and carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 fxn of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
1.)Provide extensive surface for gas exchange
2.)Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of lungs
3.)Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temp change, other environmental variations and defending the respiratory system and other tissues from pathogens.
4.)Producing the sounds involved in speaking, singing and other kinds of communication.
5.) facilitating the detection of olfactory stimuli by olfactory receptors in the superior portions of the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the upper respiratory system? |
|
Definition
Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air which protects internal surfaces of the lower, and reabsorbs heat/water from outgoing air.
INCLUDES: Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. |
|
|
Term
| What is the lower respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| Conducts air to and from the gas exchange surfaces and includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| All of the upper and most of the lower respiratory systems make up what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conducting zone used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The LAST part of the lower respiratory tract is designed for gas exchanged as is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the respiratory zone include? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles and their alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nose considered? |
|
Definition
| The primary passageway for air entering the respiratory pathway when you are resting and breathing quietly. |
|
|
Term
| What forms the bridge of the nose and what supports it? |
|
Definition
| The two nasal bones and the anterior portions of the nasal septum and the nasal cartilages. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
| The vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cartilage makes up the nasal cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Hyaline cartilage. Keep nares open. |
|
|
Term
| What are your external nares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal cavity? What is it lined with? |
|
Definition
| The space between your external nares and the internal nares at the back of the nasal cavity. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal vestibule? |
|
Definition
| The space contained within the flexible tissues of the nose. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal vestibule filled with? |
|
Definition
| Course hairs called vibrissae. They trap large airborne particles preventing them from entering the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cribiform plate? |
|
Definition
| Forms the roof of the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| The tiny holes in the cribiform plate allow the ______ _____ to extend their neural fibers down. What does this allow? |
|
Definition
| olfactory bulbs. allows us to be able to smell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the hard palate? What bones form it? |
|
Definition
| Forms the anterior portion of the floor of the nasal cavity. Formed by the palatine process of the maxillae and the palatine bones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A membraneous muscular flap with attached reticular tissue called the uvula. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the soft palate when you swallow? |
|
Definition
| They flex upward to block the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bony ridges that project towards the nasal septum from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.)Superior
2.)Inferior
3.)Middle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the conchae? |
|
Definition
| They cause turbulence to help swirl air so that airborne particulate will bump into the mucus lined walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superior, inferior and middle CANALS. |
|
|
Term
| What are the internal nares? |
|
Definition
| They distinguish the end of the nasal cavity and the beginning of the pharynx. |
|
|
Term
| What is the nasal cavity lined with? What does it secrete? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Secretes antimicrobial substances such as defensins and lysozymes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the paranasal sinuses? |
|
Definition
| The maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones have sinuses. The mucuous secretions produced in them, aided by tears drained through the nasolacrimal ducts, keep the surfaces of the nasal cavity clean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chamber, the throat, that is shared by both the respiratory and digestive tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
1.)Nasopharynx
2.)Oropharynx
3.)Larynopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The superior portion of the pharynx located between the soft palate and the internal nares lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Houses the pharyngeal tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the hyoid bone. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium which accomodates the movement of food through the region. Houses palatine tonsils, fauces and lingual tonsils. |
|
|
Term
| What is the laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
| Between the hyoid bone, the larynx and the entrance to the esophagus. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More commonly: The voicebox. A cartilagenous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis. Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The narrow opening by which air enters the larynx by. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A piece of elastic cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing so food cannot enter the respiratory pathways |
|
|
Term
| What is thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| A large single piece of hyaline cartilage that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. The prominent anterior surface forms the adams apple. |
|
|
Term
| The superior portion of the thyroid cartilage that is connected to the hyoid bone is called what? |
|
Definition
| The Thyrohyoid cartilage. |
|
|
Term
| What is cricoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| A single piece of hyaline cartilage that provides major support. |
|
|
Term
| What two pieces of cartilage protect the glottis and entrance to the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is arytenoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Two small pieces of hyaline cartilage which meet with the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage and help anchor the vocal cords. |
|
|
Term
| What is cuneiform cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Two long, curved pieces of hyaline cartilage that lie within the folds of tissues that extend between the lateral surface of each ayrtenoid cartilage and the epiglottis. |
|
|
Term
| What is corniculate cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Two small pieces of hyaline cartilage that meets with the ayrtenoid cartilage that helps with the opening and closing of the glottis. |
|
|
Term
| What are vestibular and vocal ligaments? |
|
Definition
| Bands of connective tissue that extend between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They house the vocal ligaments and lie inferior to the vestibular folds. |
|
|
Term
| When air passes over the vocal folds, they vibrate and make sound. Are these false or true vocal cords? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are vestibular folds? |
|
Definition
| House inelastic pair of vestibular ligaments that are NOT associated with sound production. They prevent foreign objects from entering the glottis. FALSE VOCAL CORDS |
|
|
Term
| What is the trachea? Where does it conduct air? |
|
Definition
| Common known as the windpipe. Towards the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the trachea? |
|
Definition
1.)Mucosa
2.)Submucosa
3.)Adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What lines the mucosa layer? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Has goblet cells and cilia. |
|
|
Term
| What is the submucosa layer |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue region underlying the mucosa layer that has exocrine glands that secrete mucus and blood vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connective tissue layer that anchors the trachea to the surrounding tissues and helps prevent its overexpansion. |
|
|
Term
| How many tracheal cartilages are there? What is their shape? What kind of cartilage are they made of? What is their fxn? |
|
Definition
| 15-20. C shaped. Hyaline. Stiffen the trachea, prevent collapse or overexpansion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the trachealis muscle made of? What happens when it is contracted? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle. reduces the diameter of the trachea which increases resistance to air flow. |
|
|
Term
| What is the site of carina? |
|
Definition
| A triangular piece of cartilage that helps to support the branching of the trachea to form the primary bronchi. |
|
|
Term
| What is the bronchial tree? |
|
Definition
| The highly branching pattern of the bronchi and bronchioles as they approach and travel through the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary bronchi? |
|
Definition
| The trachea branches to form a right and a left primary bronchus. The R transports air to and from the R lung and the L to and from the L lung. |
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary bronchi? |
|
Definition
| The right primary bronchus branches to form 3 secondary bronchi while the L branches to form 2. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tertiary bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Each secondary bronchus branches to form the tertiary bronchi. The cartilage begins to shrunk forming cartilage plates rather than C shaped rings. |
|
|
Term
| Each tertiary bronchus delivers air to a singe ________ ______ and branches repeatedly to give rise to microscopic passageways called _______. |
|
Definition
| bronchopulmonary segment/bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the terminal bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| The LAST branch of the conducting zone and supply a SINGLE PULMONARY LOBULE. |
|
|
Term
| What are respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| The FIRST branch of the respiratory zone and terminate into tiny alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| What do respiratory bronchioles open up to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alvelolar ducts connect to form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paired organs of the thoracic cavity composed of 150 million alveoli each giving lungs a spongy appearance and texture. |
|
|
Term
| The apex of the lung is the ____ and the base is the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The right lung has how many lobes? |
|
Definition
| 3. Superior, middle and inferior. |
|
|
Term
| Which fissure separeates which lobes? |
|
Definition
The horizontal - superior and middle
The oblique - middle from inferior |
|
|
Term
| The left lung has how many lobes? |
|
Definition
| 2. Superior and inferior. |
|
|
Term
| Which fissure separates which lobes? |
|
Definition
| The oblique fissure separates the inferior form the superior. |
|
|
Term
| The left lung also has a ______ ____ which allows the heart to tilt to the left of the midline. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pulmonary hilum? |
|
Definition
| An indentation in each lunch which allows for the passage of the primary bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics in and out of the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| A meshwork of dense connective tissue that fixes the position of the bronchi, major nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic within the pulmonary hilum. |
|
|
Term
| What color are the pulmonary arteries and where do they exit to? What do they carry? |
|
Definition
| Blue and right atrium of the heart. Deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| What color are the pulmonary veins and where do they exit? |
|
Definition
| Red and leave the lungs. Carry oxygenated blood to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 pulmonary surfaces? |
|
Definition
1.)Costal - faces the rib cage
2.)Medistinal - faces the mediastinum
3.)Diaphragmatic - faces the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 pleura membranes? |
|
Definition
1.)Parietal - interior of throracic cavity
2.)Visceral - external surface of the lungs
3.)Pleural Cavity/Fluid - space between the parietal and visceral pleura. Fluid reduces friction. |
|
|
Term
| What is alveolar epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Primarily simple squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| What are Type I pneumocytes? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous cells that form the wall of each alveolus. |
|
|
Term
| What are Type II pnuemocytes? |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal cells scattered among the squamous cells. Produce surfactant - an oily secretion that disrupts surface tension and prevents the collapse of the alveoli. |
|
|
Term
| What is a collapsed lung called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are alveolar macrophages? |
|
Definition
| Patrols the epithelial surface and phagocytizes bullshit. MALT TISSUE |
|
|
Term
| What are pulomary capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Dilate when alveolar oxygen levels are high, and constrict when they are low. This directs blood flow to the alveoli containing the most oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
| The simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli plus simple squamous of the pulmonary capillaries plus the basal lamina connecting the two. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
| Diffusion across the membrane occurs very rapidly because the distance is so short and both oxy and CO are lipid soluble. |
|
|
Term
| What is the total distance separating alveolar air from blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the respiratory membrane from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pulmonary ventilation driven by? |
|
Definition
| Pressure changes within the pleural cavities. |
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
| The force exerted by the mixture of air surrounding the body. 760 mm/hg |
|
|
Term
| What is alveolar pressure? |
|
Definition
| AKA intrapulmonary pressure. The force exerted by the air within the alveoli of the lungs. This pressure rises and falls as the phases of breathing progress. |
|
|
Term
| What is intrapleural pressure? |
|
Definition
| The pressure within the pleural cavities. Always 4 mm/hg lower than the alveolar pressure so that alveoli will be able to inflate. |
|
|
Term
| IF the pressure in the pleural cavity rises it causes... |
|
Definition
| pneumothorax which can result in atelectasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Volume is inversely proportional to pressure. As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
| If you reduce the volume of the thoracic cavity by half, the pressure within the thoracic cavity will ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you double the volume of the thoracic cavity, pressure will decrease by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do inspiratory muscles control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary inspiratory muscles? |
|
Definition
1.)External intercostal muscles
2.)diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| The external intercostal muscles _____ the ribs which contributes to 25% of the volume of the lungs at rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor of the ______ ______ which is responsible for 75% of the air movement in normal breathing at rest. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do expiratory muscles control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory expiratory muscles? |
|
Definition
| Internal intercostals, transverse thoracis muscles, external oblique, rectus abdominus, internal oblique |
|
|
Term
| Is exhalation a passive or active activity? |
|
Definition
| Passive. Elastic forces and gravity are sufficient enough to reduce the volume or the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| Air flows from an area of ____ pressure to an area of _____ pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm and alveolar pressure? |
|
Definition
Diaphragm - contracts and moves downwards which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Alveolar pressure - decreases to 758 mm /hg which causes atmospheric air to be sucked into lungs |
|
|
Term
| During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm and alveolar pressure? |
|
Definition
Diaphragm - relaxes and moves upwards which decreases volume of the thoracic cavity.
Alveolar pressure - increases 762 mm/hg which causes air to be squeeze out of lungs and into air |
|
|
Term
| Does a pressure differential of 0 mm/hg exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive areolar pressure will push air _____ of the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative alveolar pressure will push air ______ the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 different ways are used to record pressure? |
|
Definition
MM/HG - 760 @ sea level
Torr - 1 Torr = 1 mm/hg
cmH20 - 1 cmH20 = 0.735 mm/hg
1033.6 cmH20 = atmospheric
PSI - 15 PSI = atmospheric |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors affecting pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
1.)compliance
2.)resistance
3.)surface tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An indication of their expandibility or stretch. |
|
|
Term
| The greater the compliance, the lower the _____ in the walls of the lungs at a given volume which makes it much easier for air to flow along the conducting passageways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An indication of how much force is required to inflate and deflate the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| At rest, the muscular activity involved in pulmonary ventilation accounts for ____% of the resting energy demand. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The higher the resistance, the ____ it is to force air along the conducting passages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lower the resistance, the ____ it is to force air along the conducting passages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The liquid keeping the respiratory membrane moist. Primarily composed of water molecules and has the ability to form hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
| What chemical helps reduce surface tension so that the lungs do not collapse on themselves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of air moved into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation. 500 mL. |
|
|
Term
| What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume? |
|
Definition
| The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation. Range from 1900-3300 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is Expiratory Reserve Volume? |
|
Definition
| The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal volume. Range from 700-1000 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of air that remains in your lungs even after forcible exhalation. 1100-1200 mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of the residual volume. The amount of air that would remain in your lungs if they were allowed to collapse. 30-120 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is Total Lung Capacity? |
|
Definition
| The volume of your lungs, the sum of all four respiratory volumes. IRV+TV+ERV+RV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The max amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle. IRV+TV+ERV. Male = 4000-4800 mL Female = 3000-4000 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is Inspiratory Capacity? |
|
Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration. IRV+TV. 2400-3800 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is Functional Residual Capacity? |
|
Definition
| The amount of air remaining in your lungs after you have completed a quiet respiratory cycle. ERV+RV 1800-2200 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory rate? (F) |
|
Definition
| The # of breaths you take each minute. Resting adult = 12-18 Resting child = 18-20 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Respiratory Minute Volume? (VE) |
|
Definition
| The amount of air moved each minute. Multiply the number of breaths per minute (f) times the tidal volume (tv). So if F=12 and TV =500mL then VE=12x500= 6,000 mL |
|
|
Term
| What is the alveolar ventilation? |
|
Definition
| The amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. |
|
|
Term
| The air that does not reach the alveoli is said to remain in what area? |
|
Definition
| Anatomical Dead Space. Accounts for 150 mL of the 500 mL of tidal air. |
|
|
Term
| How is alveolar ventilation calculated? |
|
Definition
F x (TV - DV)
12 x (500mL - 150mL) = 4,200 mL |
|
|
Term
| If the respiratory rate jumps to 20, and TV drops to 300 the respiratory minute volume will remain unchanged but the alveolar ventilation ______ and widespread _____ can occur. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does gas diffusion depend on? |
|
Definition
| Partial pressures and solubility of gas. |
|
|
Term
| What is partial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gasses. Represented as PO2 or PCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As gas volume increases, pressure decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At a given temp, the amount of a particular gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure of a gas. |
|
|
Term
| So, what is henry's law according to GAS |
|
Definition
| As conc. of gas increases, its partial pressure increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all partial pressures equals the total pressure exerted by a gas mixture |
|
|
Term
| During external respiration, what happens to partial pressure, oxygen, CO2, lungs, and blood? |
|
Definition
In lungs, PO2 is HIGH and PCO2 is LOW.
In blood, PO2 is LOW and PCO2 is HIGH.
Therefor, oxygen is forced into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide is forced from the blood into the lungs. |
|
|
Term
| During internal respiration, what happens to partial pressure, oxygen, CO2, tissues, and blood? |
|
Definition
In blood, PO2 is HIGH and PCO2 is LOW
In tissues, PO2 is LOW and PCO2 is HIGH
Therefor, oxygen is forced out of the blood and into the tissues while carbon dioxide is forced from the tissues into the blood. |
|
|
Term
| What accounts for 98-99% of oxygen transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the remaining 1-2% of oxygen dissolved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the several factors that effects the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does PO2 affect hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
| As the partial pressure of oxygen increases, hemoglobin saturation increases |
|
|
Term
| How does PCO2 affect hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
| As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases, the percent of hemoglobin saturation decreases. |
|
|
Term
| How does pH affect hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
| As pH decreases (more acidic), hemoglobin saturation decreases. BOHR EFFECT |
|
|
Term
| How does temperature affect hemoglobin saturation? |
|
Definition
| As temp increases, hemoglobin saturation decreases. |
|
|
Term
| Oxygen ____ binds to hemoglobin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin changes in the lungs to ______ _____ _____ ________ onto hemoglobin while the tissues stimulate the ______ ___ _____ from the hemoglobin so that it can diffuse from the blood and out to the tissues. |
|
Definition
stimulate the loading of oxygen
unloading of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| During internal respiration, does oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During external respiration, does oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin increase or decrease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to 93% of Carbon Dioxide that enters the blood from the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of this binds to the amino acids in hemoglobin and makes carbaminohemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the remaining 70% of CO2? |
|
Definition
| Converted to carbonic acid by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to CO2 once it is converted to carbonic acid? |
|
Definition
| Immediately dissociates into a hydrogen ion (H+) and a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-). |
|
|
Term
| The bicarbonate then diffuses out of the RBC and into the blood plasma with the aid of a countertransport mechanism that exchanges intracellular bicarbonate ions for extracellular chloride ions. What is this process called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the control of respiration involve? |
|
Definition
| The brain stem, higher brain centers, barrorecptors, chemorecptors, and stretch receptors. |
|
|
Term
| Where are respiratory rhythmic centers located and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| The medulla oblongata and serve as the pacemaker to establish the basic pace of breathing. |
|
|
Term
| What is the dorsal respiratory group? |
|
Definition
| Contains the neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating the primary inspiratory muscles (diaphragm). Functions in EVERY respiratory cycle and is therefor called the PACEMAKER |
|
|
Term
| What is the ventral respiratory group? |
|
Definition
| has inspiratory and expiratory centers that function only when ventilation demands increase and accessory respiratory muscles are needed. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers located and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Located within the pons. Paired nuclei that adjust the output of the respiratory rhythmic centers. |
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Term
| What are the apneustic centers? |
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Definition
| Promotes inhalation by stimulating DRG. During forced breathing, the apneustic centers adjust the degree of stimulation in response to sensory information from that vagus nerve. |
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Term
| What are the pneumotaxic centers? |
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Definition
| Inhibit the apneustic centers and thereby promote passive or active inhalation |
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Term
| What are the higher brain centers and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Cerebral cortex, limbic system and hypothalamus. They alter the activity of the pneumotaxic centers but essential normal respiratory continue even if the brain stem superior to the pons has been severely damaged |
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Term
| What are chemoreceptors sensitive to? What do they do? |
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Definition
| pH, PO2, PCO2 of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Alter the activities of the respiratory centers |
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Term
| Where are the barrorecptors and what are the sensitive to? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Aortic arch and carotid sinuses. They are sensitive to changes in blood pressure and alter activities of the respiratory centers. |
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Term
| What do stretch receptors respond to/do? |
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Definition
| Respond to stretch in the lungs and are responsible for inflation or deflation reflexes |
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Term
| When are protective reflexes triggered and where? |
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Definition
| With an irritating physical or chemical stimuli are present within the nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree. Initiates coughing, sneezing |
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Term
| What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases? |
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Definition
| A general term indicating a progressive disorder of the air ways that restricts air flow and reduces alveolar ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiratory passages are extremely sensitive to irritants resulting in constriction of the airways, inflammation and edema within the mucosa of the passageways, and accelerated mucus production. Caused by allergies, toxins or exercise. |
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Term
| What is chronic bronchitis? |
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Definition
| A long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, leading to overproduction of mucus secretions. The characteristic sign is frequent coughing with copious mucus production. |
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Term
| What is chronic bronchitis related to? |
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Definition
| Cigarettes but also environmental influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A result from the edema from heart failure and skin turning blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic, progressive condidition. Shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion. Underlying issue is destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. |
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Term
| What results from emphysema? |
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Definition
| The affected breathes more rapidly to maintain normal oxygenation. Described as pink puffers |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common/lethal disorder inherited among Northern Euro descent. Causes increased mucus production in lungs and digestive tract. The mucus inhibits oxygen exchange and clogs respiratory passages. 1 in 2500 births |
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Term
| What is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Inadequate surfactant production in newborns or premies. Leads to alveolar collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Air w/in the intrapleural space resulting in an increased pressure on the outer surface of the lungs which can cause the lung to collapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the pleural cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
| A period in which respiration is suspended. Can be associated with sleep. Also occurs as a reflex shortly before a sneeze or cough |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficult/labored breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues |
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Term
| What is hypoxemic hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Not enough oxygen in blood due to low oxy concen. within air or due to reduced respiratory minute volume. Being in high altitudes |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough oxygen in blood due to low RBC levels or due to inability of hemoglobin to bind to oxygen. Carbon monoxide |
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Term
| What is ischemic hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Adequate oxygen but it is not reaching the tissues due to reduced blood flow in that area. Heart failur |
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Term
| What is histotoxic hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Quantity of oxygen reaching the cells is normal, but the cells are unable to use the oxygen effectively due to diable oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. Cyanide poisioning. |
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Term
| What percentage of new cancer cases in men and women does lung cancer account for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does lung cancer kill more people than colon, breast, and prostate cancer combined? |
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Definition
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Term
| Over ____ of patients diagnosed with lung cancer will die within a year. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 85-90% of all cases of lung cancer are the direct result of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Cells are damaged and their functional characteristics change. |
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Term
| Smoking paralyzes the ______ of the pseudostratified columnar of the respiratory passages and cause a local build up of mucus. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue changes its structure in response to injury or chemical stress. Pseudostratified -> stratified epithelium. |
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Term
| Is metaplasia reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Neoplasia or Anaplasia? |
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Definition
| Abnormal cells form a cancerous tumor. Most dangerous stage is where cells become malignant and metastasize to other parts of the body. |
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Term
| Is neoplasia/anaplasia reversible? |
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Definition
| No but can be treated with chemicals, radiation and/or surgery. |
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