Term
| Napoleon was dangerous on the battleground. What military achievements did he use to do this? |
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Definition
| He was the first to develop artillary for use on the front line. He also used heavy cavalry to break enemy lines and split them into smaller groups to defeat (divide and conquer idea). |
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Term
| What 2 flaws did Napoleon's military system have? |
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Definition
1. No subordinate trained to properly reproduce his tactics.
2. Very quick movements of his army broke supply lines and caused a very high internal casualty rate. |
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Term
| Why was Napoleon sent to Egypt? And did he succeed? |
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Definition
| His power as a general was growing too fast for the authorities to be comfortable with. They wanted him away from the country fighting wars that only he could probably win. He did not succeed in his campaigns, but he did make any army he commanded more loyal to him than the governing body. |
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Term
| Once Napoleon raised an army and returned to France after his Egyptian defeats, what did he do to gain power over government? |
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Definition
| Napoleon raised an army once he was back on the shores of France, and surrounded the court building and threatened to destroy it if the ruling bodies did not come up with a better form of government. This allowed him access to power, and he took it. |
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Term
| What was the composition of Napoleon's Consulate? |
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Definition
1st consul: Himself
2nd Consul: 6000 wealthy men (usually officers) and a 60 man senate all appointed by Napoleon.
3rd Consul: 100 man tribunate elected by the senate to discuss laws
Legislature: 300 men that votes on laws |
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Term
| How did Napoleon win the loyalty of religious sects? |
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Definition
| 1801 The Concordat with the Catholic church made an uneasy peace with the Pope and won the loyalty of clergy and religious citizens. |
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Term
| What is Napoleon's Civil Code? |
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Definition
| His social code that was roman in nature and dictated every aspect of French Society. |
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Term
| What did Napoleon do with his Civil Code that kept parts of the Revolution intact? What did he do that went against these ideals? |
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Definition
Keeping with the ideals: gave protection of private property by law, and allowed people to have career paths based on their merit and talent, rather than thier birth.
Against ideals: eliminated trial by jury and instituted military type tribunals. Restricted women's rights, education, and freedoms. |
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Term
| The Consulate was made up of what type of people? |
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Definition
| All of them were handpicked by Napoleon. Many of them were educated sons of wealthier families, and had received secondary education through the Lycees. He also favored groups of people loyal to him, and those that had served in the military. |
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Term
| What was the Legion of Honor? |
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Definition
| Napoleon's new nobility class. All of them were handpicked by him. Many of them were military, but some were scientists and doctors. |
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Term
| Napoleon had vast armies all across Europe. What wars was Napoleon fighting that caused his eventual downfall? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened when Napoleon lost the battles with Spain and Russia? |
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Definition
| His generals forced him to abdicate, or give up power. He went into voluntary exile on the island of Elba. |
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Term
| What government was restored to power after Napoleon's abdication and exile to Elba? And what did the try to accomplish once in power? |
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Definition
| The Bourbon monarchs. King Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France. He tried to immediatly return France to it's pre-revolutionary state. |
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Term
| What does the book refer to when it talks about The 100 Days? |
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Definition
| The 100 Days was the length of time between Napoleon's return to power after his exile on Elba, and his complete defeat 100 days later by the British and Prussian armies at Waterloo. |
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Term
| Once Napoleon returned to power during The 100 Days, what mistakes did he make that led to it's eventual failure? |
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Definition
1. Failed to take into account the smaller size of his army, and the lack of manpower it took to fight both the Prussian and British armies.
2. His mental capacities were failing him and things began to fall apart under him.
3. He fails to take into account the change of tactics of the enemy and the effectiveness of his armies against them. |
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Term
| FQ #1 How did Napoleons actions force other European rulers to change their policies? (think Austria, Prussia, sister kingdoms, and Spain) |
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Definition
| The Holy Roman Empire was reduced to just the Austrian Empire due to Napoleon's war victories. The Prussian king appointed reform to compete with him. Russia established some reform in education and military strategy, and they allowed more foreign books. The British were reduced to piracy and smuggling when a trade embargo was placed upon them. Constant demands for more money and more forced enlistments made the sister kingdoms pull back from Napoleon and it sparked nationalism. |
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Term
| FQ#2 In what ways did Napoleon continue the French Revolution? |
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Definition
| He continued to change everyday life in France. The enlightenment ideas of religious tolerance, and equality among men were upheld. He established the lycees to promote education of boys. He believed in promotion due to talent and merit rather than birth and passed laws to allow easier access for the lower class. The Civil Code reinforced previously removed freedoms such as liberty, choice of profession, and religious worship. Science and other progressive studies were encouraged and rewarded. |
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Term
| FQ#3 In what ways did he break from the Revolution? |
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Definition
| He returned to a patriarchal society, with men at the tops of society and thier families at home. Women were suppressed, again, and he limited their education and careers. He brought back nobility: the legion of honor. Voting rights were removed, and he personally placed people into positions. He continued forced drafts, and demanded high taxes to support his war effort. Although not as bad as the terror, he still suppressed any political descent. |
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Term
| FQ#4 Why was Napoleon able to gain so much control over so much of Europe's territory? |
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Definition
| He used both political and military techniques previously unseen. He funded the war with money from sister kingdoms and annexed countries. he fed the army numbers with forced drafts to keep the army huge and unstoppable. |
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Term
| FQ#5 To what extent was the old order restored by the Congress of Vienna? |
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Definition
| Old territories restored to original rulers and boundaries. France was restored to a monarchy, the German confederation was united again, and Poland reappeared on the map. |
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Term
| FQ#6 How did the congress of Vienna change the future course of European relations? |
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Definition
| It set the stage for a united Europe, and discussing disputes rather than going to war over them. An unsteady peace agreement between nations meant a mostly unified Europe for the first time. It prevented war for decades and proved that ruling bodies can do more than declare war with a pen. |
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Term
| FQ#7 Why were Austria and Prussia able to thwart independance movements in Italy and Poland, but not in Greece, Belgium, and Latin America. |
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Definition
| Italy and Poland were suurpressed by a joining of forces by the higher powers. They saw that both movements were a threat to the stability of the Congress of Vienna, and the reserve ideals of the authorities. Greece, Belgium, and Latin America all had the backing of a higher power working with them rather than against them because they did not pose a threat to the newly established views, in fact they may have helped those views by establishing their own nation. |
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Term
| FQ# 8 What was the long-term significance of Napoleon for Europe? |
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Definition
| It steeled nationalist feeling in like minded peoples that were forced to bow under his rule. By further repressing people, he actually stoked the flames of revolution by raising tensions to the breaking point again. Populations were inclined to revolt against higher powers, instead of viewing them as god given facts. He also brought the higher powers together against him. Without the common enemy to unite them, it may have taken much longer to learn how to communicate effectively. |
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Term
| FQ# 9 In what ways did Metternich succeed in holding back the Revolutionary legacy? |
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Definition
| He pushed for a conservative Europe. Conservatives believed revolutionary ideas supported by enlightenment led to tyrants like Napoleon. So to avoid leading to Napoleon like rulers, avoid enlightenment all-together. They believed to get things back under control, they needed to suppress these ideas. |
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Term
| FQ# 10 In what ways did he fail to hold back the legacy? |
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Definition
| He did not succeed in keeping revolt from happening. Latin America, South America, Belgium, Italy, Germany, and Spain all held violent protests, revolts, or revolutions of their own. Not all succeeded, but the higher powers were constantly trying to quell uprisings with little success. Every country had been touch with the higher ideas of the Revolution and many wanted parts of it back. Romanticism continued, and believers strongly resisted the conservative movement. Educated people and peasants alike were drawn to secret societies the dreamed of freedom and independence and they grew in great numbers. |
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