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Political party founded to give the present the views of American farmers and laborers (also known as People's Party) formed in 1892
Made up of reps from Farmer's Alliance, Knights of Labor, and Nat'l Colored FA
Against big business, want gov't to pass laws that will help them (economic and social reform)
Women and blacks are major players |
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| Founder of the Populist Party and their first presidential candidate (in the 1892 election) |
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| Vice presidential candidate for Populist Party in the 1892 election |
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| Populist platform drawn up in July 1892 in Omaha, NB; includes gov't ownership of banks, RRs, telegraphs > keep big business from hurting the little guy; graduated income tax, eight-hour workday, and restriction of immigration (to cut down on competition in workforce) |
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Major RRs (the center of American economic growth) go bankrupt, which leads to crash of entire economy
Stock market crashes, banks go into receivership, farm prices drop
Unemployment rises > causes unrest among working classes |
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Group of poor, homeless Americans brought together by Populist Jacob Coxey to march toward Washington DC to demand help for those who by the Panic (esp. through public works)
Army grows as it moves east, but most are stopped before they reach destination |
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| Government's decision to stop coining silver and instead use a gold standard (makes money less readily available, hard to borrow money, pay back loans) |
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Democratic candidate in 1896
Decides to take up Populist slogans and goals, travels around championing for free silver (becomes major competition for the Populist Party, eventually endorse Bryan but nominate own candidate for VP, who is ignored)
Leads to end of Populist Party |
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| Speech made by William Jennings Bryan that combines free silver with Protestant theology (associates the gold standard with the cross on which Jesus was crucified) > wins many supporters |
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| Limits silver coinage that can be made to between $2 and $4 mil per month (keeps a 16:1 ratio of silver to gold) |
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| Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) |
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Requires that the government must purchase $4.5 mil worth of silver each month and place most of it in the US Treasury (keep it out of circulation)
Does allow for increased coining of silver and for paper money backed by silver (compromise) |
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Supported by McKinley, gives more evidence of the problems with the US currency system
Partially in response to gold rushes in Alaska and South Africa, which flood the market with gold. |
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| The Wizard of Oz and the Littlefield Theory |
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| Theory that the Wizard of Oz, a classic children's book, is actually a Populist allegory |
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Movement (set up like a secret society) prior to the Populist Party founded by Oliver Hudson Kelley
Main idea is to educate farmers and give them a chance to talk and socialize (share ideas) |
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| One of the Granger cases, in which Illinois was allowed to regulate rates for use of grain warehouses and elevators (rather than private corps doing so) |
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| Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific RR Co. v. Illinois (1886) |
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| One of the Granger cases, with the opposite result of Munn v. Illinois > ruling states that Illinois' attempt to regulate RR rates infringes on Congress' right to control interstate commerce (does lead to creation of ICC) |
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Organizer of McKinley campaign > very organized, very effective
Outdoes all past campaigns and sets new precedent |
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Winner of 1896 presidential election (Republican)
Supports mixture of pro-business and expansionist measures, a few laws that help lower classes |
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1896 presidential candidate from Prohibition Party
Makes people start to think about gov't control of drinking |
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| Political party founded based on the idea of gov't control of liquor |
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| Muckraker, writes articles in 1881 that criticize the RRs and Standard Oil, exposing corruption inside them, but offering no suggestions to fix the problems |
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Progressive economist who combined economic theories with sociology
Criticized capitalism
Wrote "The Theory of the Leisure Class" critiquing "conspicuous consumption" |
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Muckraker and photojournalist, originally a newspaper writer, later focuses on life in urban slums
Writes "How the Other Half Lives" |
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| Muckraker, writes for McClure's magazine about corruption connecting business and politics > compiled into book "The Shame of the Cities" |
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| Muckraker and novelist, writes about ruthless industrialists |
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| Social reformer and feminist, founds Hull House settlement house |
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Woman reformer, helps to form NY Child Labor Commission and push for formation of US Children's Bureau (advocate against child labor)
Also active in the Women's Trade Union League |
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| Muckraker, writes for McClure's magazine, criticizes Standard Oil |
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Author, journalist, and biographer of President Woodrow Wilson (publishes 8 volumes, wins 1940 Pulitzer Prize)
First prominent journalist to focus on racial divide in the US |
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Governor of Wisconsin, works against big business (higher corporate taxes, RR commission) and reforms his state gov't (direct primary)
Creates "Wisconsin Idea" which applies academic theory to peoples' needs |
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Governor of California, US Senator, and lawyer
Develops reforms like the initiative, referendum, and recall processes > changes size and scope of California's political system |
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| Woman reformer, involved in suffrage and temperance movements |
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Woman reformer, settlement house worker (Hull House) and labor inspector
Writes "Hull House Map and Papers" > study of urban poverty
Helps with movement against child labor (along with Lillian Wald) and with movement for safer working conds after Shirtwaist Fire
Active in propaganda campaigns for Nat'l Consumers' League |
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Lawyer, helps write legal defenses (defense attorney for state of OR in Muller v. Oregon) for progressive laws
Method of using statistics, sociology, and economic data becomes known as "Brandeis Brief"
Helps Woodrow Wilson write his "New Freedom" platform for the 1912 election |
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Muckraker, writes "The Jungle" (an expose on the meat packing industry)
Has major affect on creation of regulatory laws for that industry |
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Leader of more radical conservationists (preservationists)
Defends value of wilderness, driving force behind creation of Yosemite Nat'l Park, first president of Sierra Club
Essayist, uses writing to bring people to his cause |
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| Author of "The Call of the Wild" (portrays conflict between nature and civilization > key to conservation movement) |
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Appointed by Roosevelt to lead US Forest Service, leads more moderate conservationists
Recruits forest rangers, increases conservation land, sponsors Nat'l Conservation Commission, helps pass Newland Reclamation Act (1902) |
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Leader of Socialist Party (originally a labor organizer, leader of IWW)
Runs for president five times (last time, in 1920, despite being in jail)
Platform emphasizes gov't ownership of utilities and RRs, income tax, no tariffs, eight-hour day, woman suffrage, factory inspecs, and better housing
Appeals to working class (would benefit the most) |
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Secretary of the interior under Taft who opens public lands in Alaska for private development
Causes controversy when he is criticized by Pinchot (head of Forest Service) |
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| Idea that voters can ask for a specific issue to be placed on the ballot for citizens to vote on |
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| Idea that citizens can vote on laws proposed by their state reps |
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| Idea that citizens can vote to remove from office an elected official who has not served them as needed or desired |
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Practice associated with Roosevelt through which he cut down on the power of big business
Directs Justice Dept to more actively pursue companies using illegal trusts to increase profit
Cases are filed against tobacco and beef trusts, as well as the Standard Oil Co.
Felt the solution to domination of corporations in economy was gov't regulation (leads to several new laws, esp. during second term > more secure) |
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The idea that land (wilderness, especially in the West) should be used for good purpose (and should be kept in the hands of the public)
Practiced by Roosevelt and Pinchot |
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The idea that wilderness land should be kept from development entirely (wilderness is connected to the American past, some land should remain untouched)
Practiced by Muir and the Sierra Club (more radical) |
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| Progressive journalists who worked to expose problems and corruption in government, society, and business |
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| The Theory of the Leisure Class |
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| Book by Thorstein Veblen about spending in the upper classes |
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| Book by Jacob Riis about the horrors of living in urban slums |
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| Book (compilation of articles) by Lincoln Steffens about corruption in business and gov't |
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| Allowed for the direct election of senators by the American people |
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| Provides for the prohibition of making, selling, buying, and consuming alcohol |
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| General Federation of Women's Clubs |
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Formed in 1890 from 200 local women's clubs
Focus on self-improvement and education alongside help for working women and children
Leads to new female-centered community, encourages women to take a stand on child labor, causes of working women and mothers, and trade unions
Get more influence in their failies |
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| Women's Trade Union League |
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Led by Lillian Wald and Mary Dreier
Support garment strikes in NYC in 1909, other strikes led by women |
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| National Consumers League |
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Formed in 1898 by Maud Nathan and Josephine Lowell
Sponsor "white labels" > placed on goods produced in factories with safety codes
Efforts to publicize labor abuses and lobby for limits on work hours, minimum wage are led by Florence Kelley |
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| Law to improve ICC's ability to regulate RR rates |
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| Law that strengthens the ICC by authorizing it to set max RR rates and inspect companies' financial records |
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Northern Securities is a merger of transcontinental RRs created by JP Morgan (would control most of the nation's long distance RRs)
Justice Dept pursues the case all the way to the Supreme Court
Northern Securities v. US (1904) ends with the dissolution of the company (court decides that the company's stock transactions constitute an illegal combination) |
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Case dealing with government regulation
Deals with working hours for women in Oregon (tries limit workday to 10 hours)
Supreme Court decides this law is valid and does not infringe on contract rights
Helps strengthen gov'ts ability to regulate industry, but portrays women as inferior to men |
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Case dealing with government regulation
Deals with working hours for bakers in New York (tries to limit work to 60 hours per week)
Supreme Court rules that the state does not have the right to control work hours > violates contract rights
Setback for labor movement and for government regulation of industry |
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| Fire at New York City factory that kills many (are unable to get out of the building), leads to demands for more strongly enforced safety codes |
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| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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Large women's organization supported mainly by women angry about men drinking and consequently abusing their wives
Focus is on prohibition, but also active in other reforms > gives women a political forum |
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Roosevelt's political philosophy against trusts and corruption, in favor of progressive ideas
Favorable to labor mvmt (advocates recognition for unions, eight-hour day for gov't workers, compensation laws, and federal income and inheritance taxes) |
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| Book by Upton Sinclair about the horrors of the meat packing industry |
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Law created in response to public outrage about conditions in meat packing
Helps improve federal inspections of packing plants
Big businesses hope that this will push out smaller competitors and make sales in Europe easier (don't like American standards) |
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Law that helps with inspections of food and drug industries and requires that ingredient lists be included on packaging
Establishes the FDA, which tests and approves drugs before sale |
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Victory for conservationists (esp Roosevelt and Pinchot)
Establishes Reclamation Bureau as part of Dept of Interior
Meant to encourages family farms in the arid West > supports dams and canals
Does more to help urban growth and large commercial farms |
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| Book by Jack London about the conflict between nature and civilization |
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Club created by preservationists to protect Yosemite and Yellowstone areas from development
First president is John Muir |
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| One of the first national parks in the US, established by the Yosemite Act of 1890 (triumph for John Muir) |
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Roosevelt's 1912 platform based on idea that big business required "big gov't" > a regulated economy
Surprising > originally a Republican (dislike large federal gov't)
Supports child labor laws, graduated income tax, minimum wage for women, inheritance tax, compensation laws, and regulation of big business |
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Created by Roosevelt in 1905, meant to preserve natural resources in the West (forests, mineral deposits)
Headed by Gifford Pinchot |
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Scandal during which Taft's secretary of the interior opened a large tract of land in Alaska to commercial use and was criticized by Pinchot
Taft, defending his cabinet, fires Pinchot for insubordination > pleases conservatives, angers progressives |
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| Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill |
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| Law passed by conservative Repubs in Cong under Taft which raises the tariff on most imports (despite Taft's promise to lower tariffs, he signs and even defends the bill, angering progressives) |
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| Senator Henry Cabot Lodge |
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Republican senator from MA, friend of Roosevelt until the 1912 presidential election
Adds Lodge Corollary to Monroe Doctrine in 1912 - states that non-European pwrs are also excluded from controlling land in the Western Hemisphere (targets Japan)
Major player in the opposition to the Treaty of Versailles |
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One of the first presidents of the Naval War College, felt imperialism should be based on naval power > strong navy and control of oceans = key to military power
Wants to build naval bases, canal in S. America
Writes "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" |
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| The Influence of Sea Power Upon History |
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| Book by Alfred Mahan emphasizing the importance of naval power for imperialism |
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Queen of Hawaii beginning in 1888
Removed from throne by businessmen led by Sandford B. Dole in 1893 > concerned that she was growing to powerful, was demanding more rights for Hawaiians
Businessmen also try to annex Hawaii (illegal, are not successful) |
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Sensational journalism highlighting crime, disaster, and scandal
Two New York newspapers (Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal) print wildly exaggerated accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba
Helps gain public support for US intervention in Cuba |
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| An extreme, arrogant form of nationalism, shows a belligerent, powerful nation |
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| Publisher of New York Journal, known for using "yellow" journalism to drum up support for US actions in Cuba |
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| Spanish general sent to suppress revolt in Cuba (nationalists want to overthrow Spanish rule, adopt strategy of sabotaging plantations) |
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| Policy of General Weyler, sends inhabitants of rural Cuba into concentration camps with inadequate food and housing > many die |
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Spanish diplomat's letter leaked to the press and printed by Hearst in the New York Journal
Extremely critical of President McKinley, seen as a terrible insult to US honor |
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| Nickname of the Spanish-American War (based on quote from a letter written by Roosevelt to a friend) |
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Amendment to declaration of war (for Spanish-Amer War) written by Republican Senator Henry Teller
Declares that the US has no intention of taking political control of Cuba, would leave them in control of their gov't
Meant to help the declaration pass (does so, but barely) |
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| Regiment of volunteers led by Roosevelt who fought in Cuban War > achieve key victory at San Juan Hill |
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Commander of US fleet sent to the Philippines just before Spanish-Amer War began
Opens fire on Spanish ships in Manila Bay shortly after war is declared > attack is successful > capture Manila on August 13 |
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Treaty that ends the Spanish-American War
Recognizes Cuban independence, allows US to acquire 2 new islands (Puerto Rico and Guam), allows the US to acquire the Philippines if they pay Spain $20 mil (not really ready to take over these islands) |
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| Foraker Act of 1900 (Organic Act) |
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Law that makes Puerto Rico an "unincorporated territory" with its people citizens of Puerto Rico but not of the US
Keeps import duties of Puerto Rican goods
Fought against during the Insular Cases (1901-3) > Supreme Court defends the Act |
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Law that grants territorial status to Puerto Rico, removes tariffs on Puerto Rican imports to the US, allows Puerto Ricans to elect own legislators and gov'r (though they cannot vote in US presidential elections)
Resident commissioner sent to DC to vote for Puerto Rico in the House |
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Founded by prominent Bostonians, met at Faneuil Hall in June 1898
Led by William Jennings Bryan
Reponsible for organized protests against military action (especially in the Philippines) > support expansion through free trade instead
Grows over the next 10 years, some members actively supporting Filipino rebels
Dissenters in general are classified as traitors |
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Cuban nationalist, leader of independence movement
Rallies Cuban people, until he is ambushed and killed by Spanish troops in May 1895 > martyrdom on fuels the movement |
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| Cuban independence movement, supported by many Americans |
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Leader of Filipino rebels, turn against Americans (previously allies) when they show no signs of leaving the country
Attacks base at Manila in Feb 1899 > begins war for Filipino independence, ultimately a failure |
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Rebellion by secret society of Chinese nationalists (Society of Harmonious Fists) inspired by hatred of foreigners leads to attacks on foreign settlements and murders of Christian missionaries
US troops, as part of international force, march on Beijing and crush the rebellion |
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Diplomatic note to all nations holding spheres of influence in China (prevents the US from losing access to Chinese trade)
States that an "open door" policy should be accepted > allows all nations equal trading privileges in China |
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| Secretary of state under McKinley, author of the Open Door policy notes |
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| The idea that whites are responsible for spreading civilization to societies in Africa and Asia (consider the natives inferior) |
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Nickname for Roosevelt's foreign policy > comes from quote about speaking softly and carrying a big stick
Refers to his aggressiveness > wants to build US rep as a world power |
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Fleet of US battleships sent on a worldwide tour by Roosevelt btwn 1907 and 1909
Demonstrates naval pwr to Japan and other nations
Also a nickname for the US navy |
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| Sent to Japanese gov't, arrives just at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, convinces them to open two ports to US ships, allow for creation of US consulate (interested in learning about industrialization from the US) |
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| Treaty of Kanagawa (1842) |
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| Treaty outlining the treatment of American castaways, based on letter from President Fillmore delivered to Japan by Perry |
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| Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) |
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| Imperialist rivalry btwn Russia and Japan leads to a war, which Japan wins |
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| Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) |
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Treaty negotiated in Portsmouth, NH by Roosevelt btwn Russia and Japan
Both sides agree to treaty, though Japan is angry that the US does not give them all that they wanted from Russia |
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| Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) |
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| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) |
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Agreement btwn US Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese Ambassador Takahira
States mutual respect for each nation's Pacific holdings and support for the Open Door policy in China |
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| Gentlemen's Agreement (1908) |
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Agreement made between the US and Japan following concerns about California laws discriminating against Japanese immigrants (segregate schools)
Create compromise in which the Japanese gov't secretly agrees to restriction on immigration of Japanese workers to the US and Roosevelt persuades CA to repeal the laws |
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Amendment to a War Appropriations Bill
Resented by Cuban nationalists, requires that Cuba never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its indep, never built up excessive debt, allow the US to intervene in its affairs (to preserve indep and maintain law/order), and allow the US to maintain naval bases in Cuba (including Guantanamo Bay) |
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| Foreign policy of Taft > promoting US trade through support of American enterprises abroad (like building RRs and industry in China and Central America) |
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Foreign policy of Wilson > hopes to demonstrate that the US respects other nation's rights and would support the spread of democracy (conscience of the world, promoting peace and condemning colonialism)
Wants to right previous wrongs in the Philippines (grants territorial status, guarantees bill of rights/universal male suffrage, promises indep as soon as a stable gov't is in place), Puerto Rico (Jones Act), and Panama (ends exemption from canal tolls)
Intervenes in Mexican revolution and civil war |
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