Term
describes stable populations.
can be applied to data to find evidence of evolutionary processes. |
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Definition
| Hardy-Weinberg principle and calculations |
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Term
| 5 agents of evolutionary change |
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Definition
-mutation
-gene flow
-nonrandom mating
-genetic drift
-selection |
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Term
| evolution occurs by the inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| theory of "descent with modification" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-some individuals in a population possess certian advantageous inherited characteristics
-those individuals produce more surviving offspring
-the population gradually comes to include more individuals with the advantageous characteristics.
(it evolves and becomes better adapted to its local environment) |
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Term
| the study of the properties of genes in populations |
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Definition
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Term
| the occurence of more than one allele at a locus, at frequencies significantly greater than would occur due to mutation alone |
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Definition
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Term
| the population is stable, at equilibrium |
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Definition
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Term
| what kind of evidence can be used to decide whether or not a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Definition
| at hardy-weinberg equilibrium, the original proportions of the genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation |
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Term
| from one allele to another can change the proportions of particular alleles in a population |
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Definition
mutation
- rates are low, yet the ultimate source of genetic variation |
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Term
| movement of alleles from one population to another |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when individuals with a certian genotype mate with one another, more than would be expected on a random basis |
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Definition
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Term
phenotypically similar individual mate
-this does not change the frequency of the individual alleles but increases the proportions of homozygotes |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when phenotypically different individuals mate, producing an excess of heterozygotes |
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Definition
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Term
populations may be drastically reduced in size by some disastrous event
the remaining individuals may differ fromt he original population in allelic frequencies, resulting in a loss of genetic variability |
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Definition
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Term
a few individuals form a new, isolated population distant from the original. these individuals are unlikely to carry all the alleles of the population in the same frequencies
-in the new pop. some alleles may be lost, and others may differ drastically in frequency from the original pop. |
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Definition
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Term
| choose which agent of evolutionary change results in adaptive changes |
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Definition
| only selection regularly produces adaptive evolutionary change |
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Term
| a breeder selects for desired characteristics |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental conditions determine which individuals in a population produce the most offspring |
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Definition
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Term
| list the three conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur and to result in evolutionary change |
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Definition
-variation must exist in a population
-variation must result in differences in the number of offspring produced in the next generation
-variation must be genetically inherited |
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Term
| the reproductive contribution of a phenotype to subsequent generations, relative to the contributions of the other phenotypes |
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Definition
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Term
| list three components of fitness |
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Definition
-survival
-mating success
-number of offspring per mating |
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Term
| list some possible interactions among evolutionary forces |
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Definition
-mutation and genetic drift may counter selection
-gene flow may promote or constrain evolutionary change |
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Term
| discribe how gene flow may affect adaptation |
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Definition
| gene flow can promote evolutionary change by spreading a beneficial mutiation that arises in one population to other populations. |
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Term
| rare phenotypes are favored by selection. such selection will have the effect of making rare alleles more common thus maintaining variation |
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Definition
| negative frequency-dependent selection |
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Term
| favors common forms, it tends to eliminate variation from a population |
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Definition
| positive frequency-dependent selection |
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Term
| favors individuals with copies of both alleles, and thus works to maintain both alleles in the population |
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Definition
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Term
| discribe the distribution of phenotypes in a trait affected by multiple genes |
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Definition
selection operates on all the genes, most strongly influencing those that make the greatest contribution to the phenotype.
how selection changes the population depends on which genotypes are favored. |
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Term
| occurs when individuals at both extremes of a population are simultaneously favored |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when one extreme of a population contributes more offspring to the next generation |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs when the extremes of a population contribute relatively fewer offspring than average members to the next generation |
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Definition
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Term
| list several limits of selection |
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Definition
genes have multiple effects
evolution requires genetic variation
gene interactions affect fitness of alleles |
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