Term
| recombinant DNA technology |
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Definition
| techniques used to engineer genes |
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Term
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Definition
| taking up DNA from the environment & incorporating it into a cell's genome |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of DNA sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a marked molecule that binds to the molecule the biologist is looking for |
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Term
| 5 steps: creating a DNA library |
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Definition
1. isolate mRNAs
2. synthesize cDNA from each mRNA using reverse transcriptase
3. make cDNA double-stranded using reverse transcriptase or DNA polymerase
4. make recombinant plasmid
5. transformation |
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Term
| 3 steps: using a DNA probe |
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Definition
1. make probe
2. expose probe to collection of single-stranded DNA sequences
3. find probe |
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Term
| 6 steps: screening a cDNA library |
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Definition
1. grow transformed cells containing plasmids on many plates
2. lay a filter on each plate, then remove
3. treat bacteria with chemicals to break open cells & make DNAs single stranded
4. probe filters with labeled DNA
5. find probe
6. identify colony |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| polymerase chain reaction/PCR |
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Definition
| an in vitro DNA synthesis reaction that uses DNA polymerase to replicate a specific section of DNA over & over |
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Term
| 6 steps: the polymerase chain reaction |
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Definition
1. start with a solution containing template DNA, primers, Taq polymerase, & an abundant supply of the four dNTPs
2. denaturation
3. primer annealing
4. extension
5. repeat cycle again, doubling the copies of DNA
6. repeat cycle 20-30 times, to produce millions of copies of template DNA |
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Term
| 5 steps: dideoxy sequencing |
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Definition
1. incubate reaction mixture
2. DNA synthesis occurs
3. collect DNA strands that are produced
4. separate fragments via electrophoresis in a capillary tube
5. read output on automated sequencing machine |
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Term
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Definition
| shows the relative positions of genes on the same chromosome, determined by analyzing the frequency of recombination between pairs of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| shows the absolute position of a gene - in numbers of base pairs - along a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| easily identified genes or DNA sequences that have known locations |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymorphisms/SNPs |
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Definition
| a site in DNA that varies between alleles at a single base pair |
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Term
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Definition
| laboratory animals with disease symptoms that parallel those of a human disease |
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Term
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Definition
| replacing or augmenting defective copies of the gene with normal alleles |
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Term
| 4 steps: introducing a foreign gene into human cells |
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Definition
1. retrovirus engineered to contain recombinant RNA, which has both viral & human sequences
2. target cell infected
3. DNA produced
4. DNA inserted |
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Term
| 3 objectives which transgenic crops have been engineered to meet |
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Definition
1. reducing losses from herbivore damage
2. reducing competition with weeds
3. improving food quality |
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