Term
| Flow of Lymph (only toward) |
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Definition
| -the lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart |
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Term
| 3 parts of the Lymphatic System |
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Definition
1)network of lymphatic vessels
2)lymph
3)lymph nodes |
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Term
| Lymphatic Capillaries are absent from what? |
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Definition
| -bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
-Starts in Lymphatic Capillaries
-then to lymphatic collecting vessels
-then to lymphatic trunks (formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels
-then lymph is delivered to one of two large ducts (right lymphatic D and thoracic D) |
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Term
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Definition
-highly specialized lymphatic capillaries
-lymph draining from the digestive viscera is milky white rather than clear
**lacteals play a major role in absorbing digested fats from the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
-formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, and drain fairly large areas of the body
-major trunks are lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular
Right Side (top to bottom)
-internal jugular veins
-R lymphatic duct
-R sublcavian vein
Left Side (T to B)
-internal jugular veins
-L subclavian vein
-entrance of thoracic duct into vein
-thoracic duct |
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Term
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Definition
| -drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax |
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Term
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Definition
| -receives lymph from the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| -the milking action of active skeletal muscles is the main promoter of lymph flow as well as pressure changes in thorax during breathing, and valves to prevent backflow |
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Term
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Definition
| -anything that prevents the normal return of lymph to the blood, such as blockage of the lymphatics by tumors or removal of lymphatics during cancer surgery |
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Term
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Definition
-they are the principal lymphoid organs in the body
2 Main Functions
1)As lymph is transported back to the bloodstream, the lymph nodes act as lymph "filters"
2)They help activate the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-the largest lymphoid organ in the body
-soft and blood-rich and about the size of a fist
3 main functions
1)Stores and salvages some of the breakdown products of red blood cells for later use (i.e. Iron)
2)It stores blood platelets
3)It is thought to be the site of erythrocyte production in the fetus |
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Term
| White vs Red Pulp Clusters |
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Definition
WHITE
-forms "cuffs" around the central arteries
-involved with the immune functions of the spleen
RED
-essentially all remaining splenic tissue and the splenic cords
-most concerned with disposing of worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
-bilobed and has important functions early in life
-The thymus is the site where T Lymphocyte precursors mature to become immunocompetent lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-are the simplest lymphoid organs
-form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat)
-named according to location |
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Term
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Definition
-are located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
-these are the largest tonsils and the ones most often infected |
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Term
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Definition
| -a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| -in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
-aggregated lymphoid nodules
-large clusters of lymphoid follicles
-located in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (ilium) |
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Term
| Peyer's Patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are all located where? |
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Definition
| -they are all located in the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| -spleen, thymus, tonsils, and other lymphoid tissues scattered throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
-interstitial fluids that have entered lymphatics
-"clear water" |
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Term
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Definition
| -combines lymphatic system and lymphoid organs and tissues to provide structural basis of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body
-incredibly permeable
-lacteals
-beginning of lymph flow |
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Term
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Definition
-main warriors of immune system
-arise in red bone marrow
-mature into T cells (T Lymphocytes) or B cells (B lymphocytes)
-protect body against antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| -manage the immune response, and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -protect body by producing plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
-daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
-secreted by B Cells |
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Term
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Definition
1)houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes
2)furnished an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
| Composition of Lymphoid Tissue |
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Definition
| -largely composed of a type of loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue that dominates all the lymphoid organs except the thymus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Basic Functions of Lymph Nodes |
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Definition
1)act as "filters" as lymph is transported back to the bloodstream
2)they help activate the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
-hundreds of small organs, usually embedded in connective tissue
-occur near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions, places here the lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form trunks
-not ordinarily seen b/c of small size |
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Term
| Circulation of Lymph Nodes |
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Definition
-lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node thru a number of afferent lymphatic vessels.
-then moves thru subscapular sinus into a a number of smaller sinuses
-lymph meanders thru these sinuses and finally exits the node at its hilum, the indented region on the concave side, via efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| Lymphoid Organs before birth (2 exceptions) |
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Definition
| -poorly developed before birth except for the spleen and tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
-the first node that receives drainage from a body area suspected of being cancerous
-this node gives the best indication of whether metastasis thru the lymphatic vessels has occurred when examined for the presence of cancer cells |
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Term
| Four Processes of Respiration |
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Definition
1)Pulmonary Ventilation
-movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed
2)External Respiration
-movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood and of CO2 from the blood to the lungs
3)Transport of Respiratory Gases
-transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs
4)Internal Respiration
-movement of O2 from blood to the tissue cells and of CO2 from tissue cells to blood |
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Term
| The Respiratory System Includes: |
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Definition
| -nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-includes all other respiratory passageways
-provide rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites
-cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air |
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Term
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Definition
1)provides an airway for respiration
2)moistens and warms incoming air
3)filters and cleans inspired air
4)serves as a resonating chamber for speech
5)houses the olfactory (smell) receptors |
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Term
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Definition
-(mucosa) lining the slit-like superior region of the nasal cavity, cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
-contains smell receptors |
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Term
| Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Conchae |
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Definition
-enhance air turbulence in the cavity
-function during inhalation to filter, heat, and moisten air
-also act during exhalation to reclaim this heat and moisture |
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Term
| Pharynx (function and 3 regions) |
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Definition
-connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and inferiorly to the esophagus
-nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
-serves ONLY as an air passageway
-part of the pharynx |
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Term
| Function of Pharyngeal Tonsil |
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Definition
| -traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air |
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Term
| Pharyngotympanic Tubes (Auditory Tubes) |
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Definition
| -drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure equalize with atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| *Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it |
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Term
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Definition
-serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium
*during swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Main Functions of Larynx |
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Definition
1)provide a patent (open) airway
2)act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
3)voice production |
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Term
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Definition
-pyramid shaped
-most important larynx cartilage
-anchors the vocal folds |
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Term
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Definition
-the ninth larynx cartilage
-flexible and spoon-shaped
-composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud-containing mucosa |
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Term
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Definition
| -appear pearly white b/c they lack blood vessels |
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Term
| Voice Production (Loudness) |
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Definition
-loudness of the voice depends on the force with which the air stream rushes across the vocal folds
-the greater the force, the stronger the vibration and the louder the sound |
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Term
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Definition
-windpipe
-descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum |
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Term
| Layers of the Tracheal Wall |
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Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-adventitia
-plus a layer of hyaline cartilage |
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Term
| Dangers to Tracheal Walls (Smoking) |
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Definition
| -smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia, after which coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-is life threatening
-choking can suddenly close off the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
-there are two lungs
-they differ slightly in size and shape b/c the apex of the heart is slightly to the left of the median plane |
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Term
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Definition
LEFT
-slightly smaller than the right
-divided into 2 lobes, superior and inferior
RIGHT
-larger than than the left
-divided into 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior |
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Term
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Definition
-form a thin, double-layered serosa
-encloses lung root
-also help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers |
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Term
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Definition
-produced by pleurae
-fills the slit-like pleural cavity between them
-lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements |
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Term
| Surface Tension (pleural fluid) |
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Definition
| -adds strong resistance to the separation and sliding of the pleurae across each other |
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Term
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Definition
Relationship between Pressure and Gas:
-At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
P1V1 = P2V2
-P is pressure of gas
-V is its volume |
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Term
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Definition
-control of accessory muscles allows precise regulation of air flow from the lungs
-vocalist holding music note |
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Term
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Definition
-the surface tension of alveolar fluid is reduced, and less energy is needed to overcome those forces to expand the lungs and discourage alveolar collapse due surfactant
-surfactant is a detergent like coplex of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -the distensibility of unbelievably stretchy lungs as a result of having healthy lungs |
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Term
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Definition
TIDAL VOLUME
-during normal, quiet breathing when about 500 ml of air moves into and then out of the lungs with each breath
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
-the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
-the amount of air (1000-1200 ml) that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration
RESIDUAL VOLUME
-volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration
-helps to keep alveoli patent (open) and to prevent lung collapse |
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Term
| Respiratory Capacities (4) |
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Definition
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
-the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
TV+IRV
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
-amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
RV+ERV
VITAL CAPACITY
-the total amount of exchangeable air
TV+IRV+ERV
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
-the sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml. |
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Term
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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Definition
| -states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture |
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Term
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Definition
| -the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the alveoli and between the blod and the tissue cells take place by simple diffusion driven by the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 that exist on the opposite sides of the exchange membranes |
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Term
| Molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways: |
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Definition
1)bound to hemoglobin w/in RBCs
2)dissolved in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| -inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues |
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Term
| Medullary Respiratory Centers |
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Definition
-clustered neurons in two ares of the medulla oblongata appear to be critically important in respiration
DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
-located dorsally near the root of cranial nerve IX
VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
-a network of neurons that extends in the ventral brain stem from the spinal cord to the pons-medulla junction |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) |
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Definition
-exemplified best by emphysema and chronic bronchitis
-a major cause of death and disability in North America |
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Term
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Definition
-shortness of breath
-difficult or labored breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| -obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus (most often a blood clot that has been carried thru the right side of the heart into the pulmonary circulation) |
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