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Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Environmental Ethics and Economics: Values and Choices
46
Environmental Studies
10th Grade
11/18/2007

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Cards

Term
Culture
Definition
The ensemble of knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.
Term
Worldview
Definition

1. A person's perception of the world and his or her place within it.

 

 

2. A person's beliefs about the meaning, operation, and essence of the world.

Term
Ethics
Definition
Branch of philosophy that involves the study of good and bad, of right and wrong.
Term
Relativists
Definition
People who beieve that ethics do and should vary with social context.
Term
Universalists
Definition
People who maintain that there exist objective notions of right and wrong that hold across cultures and situations.
Term
Ethical Standards
Definition
Criteria that help differentiate right from wrong.
Term
Environmental Ethics
Definition
The application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and nonhuman entities.
Term
Anthropocentrism
Definition
A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment.
Term
Biocentrism
Definition
Describes values to ations, entities or proerties on the basis of their effects on all living things or on the integrity of the biotic realm in general.
Term
Ecocentrism
Definition
Judges actions in terms of their benefit or harm to the integrity of whole ecological systems, which consist of biotic and abiotic elements and their relationships among them.
Term
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
Definition
Critic who complained that people prized the material benefits that nature could provide but no longer appreciated its spiritual and aesthetic benefits.
Term
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Definition
Transcendentalist who viewed nature as a direct manifestation of the divine, emphasizing the soul's oneness with nature and God.
Term

Henry David Thoreau

Definition
Transcendentalist who viewed nature as a direct manifestation of the divine, emphasizing the soul's oneness with nature and God.
Term
Walt Whitman
Definition
Transcendentalist who viewed nature as a direct manifestation of the divine, emphasizing the soul's oneness with nature and God.
Term
John Muir (1868-1914)
Definition
Advocate for the preservation of wilderness; introduced the idea of the preservation ethic.
Term
Preservation Ethic
Definition
We should protect the environment in a pristine, unaltered state.
Term
Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)
Definition
First professionally trained American forester; introduced the conservation ethic.
Term
Conservation Ethic
Definition
Humans should put natural resources to use but also that we have a responsibility to manage them wisely.
Term

Aldo Leopold (1887-1949)

Definition
University of Wisonconsin professor who arged that humans should view the themselves and the land as members of the same community and that people are obliged to treat the land in an ethical manner.
Term
Deep Ecology
Definition

 Expresses two things

 

1. Self- Realization~ the awareness that humans are inseparable from nature and that the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat are products of the environment and integral parts of us.

 

2. Biocentric Equality~  if self- realization is true and we are a part of the environment then we should treat tje environment a we treat ourselves.

Term
Ecofeminism
Definition

Idea that argues that the patriarchal stucture of society is a root cause of both social and environmental problems. 

Term
Environmental Justice
Definition
"The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environemental laws, regulations, and policies."
Term

Economics

Definition
The study if how people decide to use scarce resourcesto provide goods and services in the face of demand for them.
Term
Economy
Definition
A social system that converts resources into goods and services.
Term
Goods
Definition
Material commodities manufactued for and bought by individuals and businesses.
Term
Services
Definition
Work done for others as a form of business.
Term
Subsistence Economy
Definition
Economies where people meet most or all of their needs directly from nature and do not purchase or trade for most of life's necessities.
Term
Capitalist market economy
Definition
A system where buyers and sellers interact to determine which goods and services to poduce, how much to produce, and how these shuld be produced and distributed.
Term
Centrally planned economy
Definition
Economy in which the government determines in a top-down manner how to allocate resources.
Term
Ecosystem Services
Definition
Essential servies that support the life that makes our economc activity possible.
Term
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Definition
Scottish philosopher who intoriduced the idea of classical economics.
Term

Classical Economics

Definition
Idea that says that when people are free to pursue their own economic self-interest in a competitive marketplace, the marketplace will behave as if guided by "an invisble hand" that ensures that the society will benefit as a whole.
Term
Neoclassical Economics
Definition

Branch of economics that examines the psychological factors underlying consumer choices, explaining market prices in terms of consumer preferences for uits of particular commodities.

Term
Cost-benefit analysis
Definition

A method of neoclassical economics where estimated costs for a proposed action are totaled up and compared to the sum of benefits estimated to result from the action.

Term
Externalities
Definition
Costs or benefits of a transaction that involve people other than the buyer or seller.
Term
External cost
Definition
Negative externality; a cost borne by someone not involved ina transaction.
Term
Ecological economists
Definition
Economists who argue that a couple of centuries is not a very long period of time and that history suggests that civilizations do not, in he long term,overcome their environmental limitations.
Term
Steady-state economy
Definition
Economy that does not grow or shrink, but is stable.
Term
Environmental economists
Definition
Economists who tend to agree with ecological economists that economies are unsustainable if population growth is not reduced and resource use is not made more efficient; however, they maintain that we can accomplish these changes and attain sustainability with our current economic systems.
Term
John Stuart Mill(1806-1873)
Definition
Britsh economist who hypothesized that as resources become harder to find and extract, economic growth will slow and eventually stabilize.
Term
Gross DomesticProduct (GDP)
Definition
The total monetary value of final goods and services produced in the country each year.
Term
Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
Definition
Calculated by taking conventional economic acticity and adding all positve contributions, then subtracting all negative impacts.
Term
Nonmarket values
Definition
Values not usuallu included in the price of a good or service.
Term
Market failure
Definition
Failure that occurs in a market when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effecs on economies or when they donot reflect the negative effects of economic activity on the environment or on people.
Term
Ecolabeling
Definition
Method where manufacturers of certain products are required or encouraged to designate on their labels how the products were grown, harvested, or manufactured.
Term
Permit-trading
Definition
the sell of a permt to another company on order for the company to be able to increase their production rates.
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