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| a set of hypotheses postulating the relationships between variables or conditions advanced to describe,explain, or predict phenomena and make prescriptions about how positive changes ought to engineered to realize particular goals and ethical principles. |
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| derived from the Greek paradeima, meaning an example, a model, or an essential pattern; a paradigm structures thought about an area of inquiry. |
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| a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially and unchangeably a struggle among self-interested states for power and position under anarchy, with each competing state pursuing its own national interest.s |
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| the principle that because in international anarchy all global actors are independent,they must rely on themselves to provide for their security and well-being. |
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| conditions in which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others. |
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| the goals that states pursue to maximize what they perceive to be selfishly best for their country. |
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| the tendency of states to view the defensive arming of adversaries as threatening, causing them to arm in response so that all states' security declines. |
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| the theory that peace and stability are most likely to be maintained when military power is distributed to prevent a single superpower hegemon or bloc from controlling the world. |
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| a multilateral treaty negotiated in 1928 that outlawed war as a method for settling interstate conflicts. |
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| a theoretical account of states' behavior that explains it as determined by differences in their relative power within the global hierarchy, defined primarily by the distribution of military power, instead of by other factors such as their values, types of government, or domestic circumstances. |
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| a paradigm predicated on the hope that the application of reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just, and cooperative world;liberalism assumes that anarchy and war can be policed by institutional reforms that empower international organizations and law. |
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| communication and negotiation between global actors that is not dependent upon the use of force and seeks a cooperative solution. |
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| an exchange in a purely conflictual relationship in which what is gained by one competitor is lost by the other. |
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| a security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace,guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest. |
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| interactions across state boundaries that involve at least one actor that is not the agent of a government or intergovernmental organization. |
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| a model of world politics based on the assumptions that states are not the only important actors, security is not the dominant national goal,and military force is not the only significant instrument of foreign policy; this theory stresses crosscutting ways in which the growing ties among transitional actors make them vulnerable to each other's actions and sensitive to each other's needs. |
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| embodies the norms, principles, rules, and institutions around which global expectations unite regarding a specific international problem. |
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| the "new" liberal theoretical perspective that accounts for the way international institutions promote global change,cooperation,peace,and prosperity through collective programs for reforms. |
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| conditions in which all participants in exchanges become better off. |
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| global issues related to the economic,social, demographic, and environmental aspects of relationships between governments and people. |
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| geostrategic issues of national and international security that pertain to matters of war and peace. |
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| an approach to evaluating moral choices on the basis of the results of the action taken. |
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| a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is a function of the ways that states construct and then accept images of reality and later respond to the meanings given to power politics; as consensual definitions change, it is possible for either conflictual or cooperative practices to evolve. |
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| a variant of constructivism that emphasizes the role of social discourse in the development of ideas and identities. |
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| agent-oriented constructivism |
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| a variant of constructivism that sees ideas and identities as influenced in part by independent actors. |
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| generalized standards of behavior that, once accepted, shape collective expectations about appropriate behavior. |
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| the policy of expanding state power through the conquest and/or military domination of foreign territory. |
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| a theory hypothesizing that less developed countries are exploited because global capitalism makes them dependent on the rich countries that create exploitative rules for trade and production. |
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| a body of theory that treats the capitalistic world economy originating in the sixteenth century as an interconnected unit of analysis encompassing the entire globe, with an international division of labor and multiple political centers and cultures whose rules constrain and share the behavior of all transnational actors. |
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| body of scholarship that emphasizes gender in the study of world politics. |
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| the postmodern theory that the complexity of the world system renders precise description impossible and that the purpose of scholarship is to understand actors' hidden motives by deconstructing their textual statements. |
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| the philosophical examination of the ways in which knowledge is acquired and the analytic principles governing the study of phenomena. |
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| the methodological research movement to incorporate rigorous scientific analysis into the study of world politics so that conclusions about patterns are based on measurement, data, and evidence rather than on speculation and subjective belief. |
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| speculative statements about the probable relationships between independent variables (the presumed causes)and a dependent variable (the effect). |
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