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| The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation |
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| A set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence. |
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| A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon. |
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| A falsifiable prediction prediction made by a theory |
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| a set of rules and techniques for observation |
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| a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. |
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| A device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers |
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| A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin. |
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| The extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related. |
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| The tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing. |
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| the ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition. |
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| those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should. |
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| A technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments. |
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| An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed. |
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| A graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made |
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| A mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle. |
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| the value of the most frequently observed measurement |
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| The average value of all the measurements. |
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| The value that is "in the middle"-- i.e., greater than or equal to half the measurements and less than or equal to half the measurements. |
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| The value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement. |
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| A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution. |
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| A property whose value can vary across individuals or over time. |
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| Two variables are said to "be correlated" when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other. |
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| A measure of the direction and strength of a correlation, which is signified by the letter r. |
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| A correlation observed in the world around us. |
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| Third-variable Correlation |
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| The fact that two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable. |
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| A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable. |
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| A technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable. |
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| The fact that a causal relationship between two varaiables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-varaible correlation. |
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| A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables. |
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| The creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal powers |
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| The variable that is manipulated in an experiment. |
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| The group of people who are treated in a particular way, as compared to the control group, in an experiment. |
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| The group of people who are not treated in the particular way that the experimental group is treated in an experiment. |
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| The variable that is measured in a study. |
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| A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group. |
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| A procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group. |
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| The characteristic of an experiment that establishes the causal relationship between variables. |
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| A property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way. |
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| The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured. |
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| The partial collection of people drawn from a population. |
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| A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual. |
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| A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. |
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| A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has be informed of all the risks that participation may entail. |
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| A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study. |
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