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Smallest functional unit of matter.
Forms all chemical substances.
Every specific type of atom is a chemical element. |
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1 of 3 subatomic particles.
Number of protons distinguishes one element from another.
Positive, found in nucleus, same number as electrons.
Mass relative to electron - 1,836 |
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1 of 3 subatomic particles.
Neutral, found in nucleus, number can vary.
Mass relative to electron - 1,839 |
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1 of 3 subatomic particles.
Negative, found in orbitals, same number as protons. |
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| Electrons in the outer shell that are available to combine with other atoms. |
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| Equal to the number of Protons in the atom. |
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Rows correspond to the number of electron shells.
Columns, from left to right indicate the numbers of electrons in the outer shell.
Elements within a column have similar bonding proporties. |
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| Number of protons plus number of neutrons. |
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Unit of measurement for atomic mass.
Carbon has an atomic mass of 12 Daltons. |
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1 Mole of any element contains the same number of atoms -
6.022 x 10^23.
AKA Avagadro's number |
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Definition
Multiple forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.
Atomic masses are averages of the weights of different isotopes of an element. |
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Definition
| 2 or more atoms bonded together. |
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Contains chemical symbols of elements found in a molecule.
Subscript indicates how many of each atom are present. |
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Definition
| A molecule composed of two or more elements. |
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Definition
Atoms share a pair of electrons.
Occurs between atoms whose outer shells are not full.
Strong chemical bond, electrons behave as if belonging to both atoms. |
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Definition
Atoms are most stable when outer shell is full.
For many atoms that number is 8 electrons.
Hydrogen fills it's outer shell with 2 electrons. |
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Definition
Atoms don't always share electrons equally.
Electronegativity, the more electronegative an atom, the more it pulls shared electron toward it's self. |
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Hydrogen atom from one polar molecule attracted to an electronegative atom.
Individually weak, but strong in numbers.
Holds strands of DNA together. |
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Definition
An atom of molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
Has a net electric charge.
Cation - net positive charge
Anion - net negative charge |
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Definition
| When a Cation binds to an Anion. |
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Definition
Determined by the Bonds.
The 3D shape of a molecule influences the behavior of molecules in the body. |
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Definition
Occurs when one or more substances change into another substance.
All require energy source.
Require enzymes.
Occur in liquid environment. |
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| Catalysts for chemical reactions in living organisms. |
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Solvent - liquid.
Solutes - substances dissolved in solvent. |
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Water is the solvent.
Ions and molecules that contain polar covalent bonds will dissolve in water. |
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"water-loving"
Readily dissolve in water.
Ionic and polar covalent molecules. |
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"water-fearing"
Nonpolar molecules.
Do not dissolve in water.
Example - cholesterol |
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Definition
Have both polar and nonpolar regions.
May dissolve in water to form micelles. |
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Polar region at the surface.
Nonpolar ends orient toward the interior of the micelle. |
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| Water in living organisms |
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Definition
Participates in chemical reactions (hydrolysis/dehydration).
Provides force or support.
Removes toxic waste components.
Evaporative cooling.
Cohesion and adhesion.
Surface tention. |
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| Acids and Bases in pure water |
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Definition
| Acids are molecules that release hydrogen ions when they are dissolved into pure water. This increases the H+ Bases lower the H+ concentration of a solution. -Some release OH-, some bind H+ |
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| Alkaline (Basic) Solution |
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Definition
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| A solution's pH level can effect... |
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Definition
The shapes and functions of molecules.
The rates of many chemical reactions.
The ability of two molecules to bind to each other.
The ability of ions or molecules to dissolve. |
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Definition
Help to keep a constant pH level.
Most organisms tolerate little change in pH.
Animals have buffers in their blood. |
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| 4 essential elements that compose the majority of living matter. |
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| Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
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