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| consists of abstract human creations and their meanings in life (ex. Beliefs, customs, ideas, languages, norms, social institutions, and values)all physical objects created by members of a society and the meanings attached to them (cars, cell phones, money, sneakers, or clothing) |
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| consist of physical or material objects as well as the nonmaterial attitudes, beliefs, customs, lifestyles, and values shared by members of a society and transmitted to the next generation. |
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| a culture’s rules of conduct embodying the society’s fundamental expectations. |
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| “Culture is something that intervenes between the human organism and its environment to produce actions.” |
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| sounds but not words, such as a sigh, a kiss- puckering sound, or the m-m-m sound of tasting something good |
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| if people define situations as real, those situations become real in their consequences. |
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| Vicious-circle phenomenon |
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| people create a culturally determined world of reality, and their actions reinforce their beliefs. Social interaction or social change may counteract such situations, however, leading to their redefinition |
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| each generation transmits its culture to the next generation |
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| Ideas, inventions, and practices spread from one culture to another, albeit at different rates of diffusions. |
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| settling in an area already containing family, friends, or compatriots who located there earlier |
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| Parallel social institutions |
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| their own clubs, organizations, newspapers, stores, churches, and schools duplicating those of the host society—appear, creating cohesiveness within the minority subculture, whether it is an immigrant or native-born grouping. |
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| process in which immigrants hold onto some homeland values, adapt others, and adopt some values of the host country. |
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| a subgroup gradually becoming completely intergrated into the dominant culture |
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a subgroup adhering to its own way of life and resisting absorption into the dominant culture.
•Religious groups such as the Amish, some Hutterites, Hasidic Jews reject modernity and insist on maintaining their traditional ways of life. |
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| the hierarchical classification of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige. |
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| influence relationships between majority and minority groups |
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| a categorization sociologists use to designate people’s place in the stratification hierarchy; people in a particular social class have a similar level of income, amount of property, degree of power, status, and type of lifestyle. |
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| W. Lloyd Warner asked people how they thought others compared to them and found a well formulated class system in place. |
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| Warner’s Yankee City study |
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| length of residence in the U.S., size of the immigrant population in the community, and nearness of one’s homeland. |
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| found that class consciousness depends on the ethnic factor: The lower a group’s ethnic status in the society, the higher the level of class consciousness. |
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| Milton Gordan’s central thesis |
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| 4 factors play a part in forming subsocieties within the nation: ethnicity, social class, rural residence, and regionalism. |
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| subsocieties resulting from the intersection of stratifications of race and ethnic group with stratifications of social class. (EX: lower middle class white Catholics in a northeastern city, lower class black Baptists in the rural South, and upper class white Jews in a western urban area.) |
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| believed that the explanation for high unemployment, welfare dependency and other social problems was family deterioration |
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| a controversial viewpoint arguing that the disorganization and pathology of lower-class culture are self perpetuating through cultural transmission. |
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| Rodman’s belief that all people share the same values of a society, but that the lower class adopts additional more realistic values. |
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| structural barriers and discrimination |
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| transmission of cultural inadequacies. |
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| differences that are present between two cultures |
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| Structural Differentiation |
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| status distinctions for different racial and ethnic groups entrenched within the social system |
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| the ability of individuals to improve their job position |
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| the structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards as a result of their status in the social hierarchy |
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| Power-differential theory |
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| intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group. |
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refers to the functioning within a society of racial or ethnic minority-group members who lack any marked cultural, social, or personal differences from the people of the majority group
• described as A + B + C = A |
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| the change of cultural patterns to match those of the host society |
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| large scale intermarriage with members of the majority society |
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| large scale entrance into the cliques, clubs, and institutions of the host society on a primary group level. |
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states that all the diverse peoples blend their biological and cultural differences into an altogether new breed
•expressed as A + B + C = D |
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recognizes the persistence of racial and ethnic diversity.
•Pluralism would be A + B + C = A + B + C |
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| two or more culturally distinct groups living in the same society in relative harmony |
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| the coexistence of racial and ethnic groups in subsocieties within social-class and regional boundaries |
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