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| Describe the principal regions of the Americas, and discuss how factors such as climate and the environment affected the economic and social development of various North American peoples before the time of various Native American peoples before the time of Columbus. Why did the Native Americans not offer more resistance to the first European explorers and settlers? |
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| What factors were in place by the late fifteenth century that facilitated European exploration and, ultimately, expansion into the Americas? Why were Portugal and Spain the first t become involved in these exploratory ventures? |
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| How did the European Renaissance and Protestant Reformation affect the process of European westward expansion? Was one more important than the other? If so, why? |
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| Compare and contrast the Spanish colonial system and its organization and objectives to those of the English, French, and Dutch. What elements did they have in common? What were the most significant differences, if any? |
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| Why did Native Americans fail in their attempts to live in harmony with or drive off the Europeans? What else could they have done to maintain rather than lose their ancient tribal lands? Was the Columbian exchange, then, a failure for the original inhabitants of the Americas? |
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