disease

Positive; deviation

true

the body is erect, palms face forward,

thumbs point away from the body

In anatomical position, right and left refer to the right and left sides of what?

The person viewed

What position is always assumed in anatomy regardless of the actual position of the body?

Anatomical position

___________ terms are used to explain exactly where one body part is in relation to another.

directional

What are the two fundamental divisions of the body?

the axial region and the appendicular region

what does the axial region consist of?

the head, neck and trunk

What does the appendicular region consist of?

the upper and lower limbs

Regional terms designate specific areas within the ______ and ______ divisions.

axial; appendicular

What are body planes?

Flat surfaces that lie at right angles to each other

What's a sagittal plane?

a vertical plane that separates the body into

right and left parts

What are the two types of sagittal planes?

median or midsagittal; parasagittal

What's a midsagittal plane?

a sagittal plane the lies exactly along the body's midline, separating the body into equal halves

What's a parasagittal plane?

A sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline, separating the body into two unequal sides

What's a frontal plane?

a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back)

What's a transverse or horizontal plane?

a plane that runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

______________ are cuts made along specific planes

sections

What's a transverse or cross section?

a cut made along the transverse plane, which divides the body into superior and inferior parts

What's an oblique section?

diagonal cuts made at angles between the horizontal and vertical planes

What are body cavities?

spaces within the body that are closed to the outside and contain the internal organs

The ears are ________ to the nose.

lateral

define intermediate.

between two structures

define ventral

toward the front of the body

define dorsal

toward the back of the body

The head is _________ to the abdomen

superior

bones are ____________ to your muscles

deep

The navel is _________ to the chin.

inferior

The breastbone is ________ to the spine.

anterior

The heart is __________ to the breastbone.

posterior

the heart is __________ to the arm.

medial

The arms are __________ to the chest.

lateral

The collarbone is ___________ between the breastbone and collar

intermediate

The elbow is ________ to the wrist.

proximal

The knee is ________ to the thigh.

distal

The skin is ________ to the skeletal muscle.

superficial

The lungs are _______ to the skin.

deep

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

cervical

neck

acromial

point of shoulder

axillary

armpit

antecubital

front/anterior of elbow

brachial

arm

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

pollex

thumb

palmar

palm

digital

fingers or toes

pubic

genital region

crural

leg

pedal

foot

tarsal

ankle

frontal

forehead

orbital

eye

buccal

cheek

mental

chin

sternal

breastbone

thoracic

chest

mammary

breast

umbilical

navel

coxal

hip

inguinal

groin

femoral

thigh

fibular or peroneal

side of leg

hallux

great (big) toe

posterior cephalic

head

otic

ear

occipital

back of head or base of skull

manus

hand

vertebral

spinal column

dorsal

back

sacral

between hips, posterior

gluteal

buttock

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

calcaneal

heel

More than 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions. Two exceptions are:

   1. nerves or blood vessels may be out of place

   2. small muscles may be missing

Name the the two main body cavities.

    1. dorsal cavity

    2. ventral cavity

the __________ cavity protects the nervous system and is divided into cranial and vertebral cavities.

dorsal

What are the two subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

What's the location and function of the cranial cavity?

Within the skull; it encases the brain

What's the location and function of the vertebral cavity?

it runs within the vertebral column; it encases the spinal cord

The ___________ cavity houses the internal organs and is divided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

ventral

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by what?

the diaphragm

What's the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities?

ventral cavity

The thoracic cavity contains what two organs?

heart and lungs

The _________ cavity contains the digestive organs.

abdominal

another name for organs is?

viscera

What organs does the pelvic cavity hold?

bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

The vertebral cavity contains what?

spinal cord

Cranial cavity contains what organ?

brain

The thoracic cavity contains what three sub-cavities?

   1. superior medastinum

   2. pleural cavity

   3. pericardial cavity

The mediastinum contains the __________ cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

pericardial

what does the pericardial cavity do?

encloses the heart and surrounds the thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, thymus)

what organs does the abdominal cavity contain?

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver

_________ membranes or _________ cover the inner walls of the ventral cavity and the outer surface of organs.

serous membranes or serosae

The ________ serosa lines the body cavity walls and is named for the specific cavities it's associated with.

parietal

The _________ serosa covers the outer sufaces of organs and is named for the specific organs it's associated with.

visceral

Serous membranes secrete and are separated by a thin layer of lubrication fluid called ________.

serous fluid

what's the purpose of serous fluid?

It allows organs to slide without friction along cavity walls and between each other.

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions used primarily by anatomists?

right hypocondriac;

epigastric;

left hypogondriac;

right lumbar;

umbilical;

left lumbar;

right iliac/inguinal;

hypogastric;

left iliac/inguinal

The four quadrants used primarily by medical personnel are:

right upper quadrant;

left upper quadrant;

right lower quadrant;

left lower quadrant

Oral and digestive cavities are continuous cavities that extend from the ______ through the digestive system to the __________.

mouth; anus

What cavity is within and posterior to the nose?

nasal cavity

What cavities house the eyes?

orbital cavities

What cavities are within the skull just medial to the eardrums,

housing the bones transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear?

middle ear cavities

What are synovial cavities?

joint cavities lined with a lubricating fluid-secreting membrane associated with all moveable joints.