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| First Humans arrive in North America from Asia across what is now the Bering Strait |
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| Central American Indians begin to practice agriculture |
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| Maya civilization flourishes in present day Mexico and Guatemala |
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| Toltecs rise to power in the Valley of Mexico and later conquer the Mayas |
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| Vikings led by Leif Ericson reach Labrador and Newfoundland (Vinland) |
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| European Christains launch the Crusades to capture the Holy Lands from Muslims |
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| Inca civilization emerges in what is now Peru |
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| Marco Polo begins a 20-year jouney to China |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sends mariners to explore Africa's western coast |
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| Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, develops movable type, the basis of modern printing |
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| Ferdinand and Isabella marry and begin to unify Spain |
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| Columbus makes the first voyage of discovery to the Americas |
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| Treaty of Tordeillas divides the known world between Portugal and Spain |
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| John Cabot's two voyages to Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island lay the basis for English claims to North America |
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| Spain authorizes the first shipment of African slaves to Caribbean islands |
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| Hernan Cortes and 600 Spanish conquistadores begin the conquest of the Aztec Empire |
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| Henry VIII of England begins to sever ties with the Roman Catholic church |
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| Francisco Pizarro and 180 Spanish soldiers start the conquest of the Inca empre |
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| Jacques Cartier explores the St. Lawrence river and claims the region for France |
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| Spain outlaws the encomienda system and the enslavement of Indians |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh sponsors England's first North American settlement at Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina |
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| English adventurers establish the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown in present-day Virginia |
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