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Chapter 19 - Lymphatic and Immune System
Test 2
235
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/10/2013
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Term
What are the three important functions of the lymphatic system?
 Definition
1.)Drains excess interstitial fluid from the interstitial space and transports it to the blood stream.
2.)Houses phagocytic cells and lymphocytes that clean tissue fluid before its dumped into circulation
3.)Absorbs digested fats from the intestine via lacteals.
Term
What is the fatty lymph known as?
 Definition
Chyle
Term
What does the lymphatic system include?
 Definition
The vessels, cells, tissues and organs responsible for defending the body against both environmental and internal hazards.
Term
What do lymph vessels carry? From where/to where?
 Definition
Lymph from the tissues to the venous system.
Term
Where does the lymphatic network begin?
 Definition
The lymphatic capillaries.
Term
Are lymph capillaries present in almost every tissue and organ in the body?
 Definition
Yes.
Term
Which other vessel are lymph capillaries similar to in number?
 Definition
Blood capillaries.
Term
Where are lymph capillaries absent?
 Definition
In areas of the body that lack blood supply, the central nervous system and bone marrow.
Term
In what 4 ways do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?
 Definition
1.)blind end tubes
2.)larger diameter/lower resistance
3.)thinner walls/more permeable
4.)flattened/irregular lumen
Term
Do lymphatic capillaries have a basal lamina?
 Definition
No. It's usually incomplete or absent
Term
What type of valve to lymphatic capillaries have?
 Definition
Mini-valves.
Term
What are mini-valves?
 Definition
When edothelial cells overlap forming a one-way valve.
Term
What do mini-valves permit? What does it prevent?
 Definition
The entry of fluids and solutes as well as viruses, bacteria and cell debris. Prevents their backflow into the blood.
Term
What are lymph collecting vessels? From where/to where?
 Definition
From the lymph capillaries to the body's trunk.
Term
Are lymph vessels smaller or larger than lymph collecting vessels?
 Definition
Smaller.
Term
Do lymph collecting vessels contain valves? What other vessel are they compared to?
 Definition
Yes. Veins.
Term
What do large lymph collecting vessels look like?
 Definition
Strings of beads.
Term
How is the pressure in lymph collecting vessels?
 Definition
Very low like veins.
Term
Where does the lymph flow?
 Definition
To the thoracic cavity.
Term
Where are the superficial lymph collecting vessels?
 Definition
Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, areolar tissues of the mucous membranes lining the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts, and in the lining of the pleural, pericardial, and periotoneal membranes.
Term
Where are the deep lymph collecting vessels?
 Definition
With the deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and other organs of the neck, limbs, trunk and the walls of visceral organs.
Term
What two vessels merge to form the lymph trunks?
 Definition
The superficial and deep lymph collecting vessels.
Term
How are lymph trunks named?
 Definition
By where they are located.
Term
Where is the jugular trunks located/what does it drain?
 Definition
located in neck/drains head
Term
Where is the subclavian trunks located/what does it drain?
 Definition
located in the shoulders and drains the arms.
Term
Where is the brochomedistinal trunks located/what does it drain?
 Definition
Located in the chest/drains the thoracic cavity and the lungs
Term
Where is the lumbar trunks located/what does it drain?
 Definition
Located in the lower back/drains the pelvis and lower limbs.
Term
Where does the intestinal trunk located/what does it drain?
 Definition
Located in the abdomen/drains the walls of the digestive organs.
Term
What causes Elephantiasis?
 Definition
Blockage of the lumbar or subclavian trunks by a filarial worm like Wucheria Bancrofti.
Term
What do lymph trunks merge to form?
 Definition
The two largest lymphatic vessels: the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.
Term
What is the RIGHT lymphatic duct formed from?
 Definition
The merger of the right jugular trunk, the right subclavian trunk, and the right bronchomediastinal trunk.
Term
What does the RIGHT lymphatic duct drain?
 Definition
The head, right arm, right shoulder and right side of the thoracic cavity (lungs).
Term
Where does the RIGHT lymphatic duct empty?
 Definition
The right subclavian vein.
Term
Which vessels does the THORACIC duct collect lymph from?
 Definition
Left bronchiomediastinal trunk, left subclavian trunk, and the left jugular trunk.
Term
What is the enlarged sac-like chamber at the base of the THORACIC duct?
 Definition
The cisterna chyli,
Term
Where does the cisterna chyli receive lymph from?
 Definition
The lumbar and intestinal trunk.
Term
Where is the THORACIC duct located?
 Definition
The left side of the vertebral colunn
Term
What does the THORACIC duct drain?
 Definition
The left side of the head, the left arm, the left shoulder, the left side of the thoracic region, and all of the abdomen and pelvic regions and both legs.
Term
Where does the THORACIC duct empty?
 Definition
The LEFT subclavian vein.
Term
What is responsible for the immune functions of the lymphatic system?
 Definition
Lymph cells.
Term
How much do lymphocytes account for of the circulating leukocyte population?
 Definition
20-30 percent
Term
What percent of that is circulating lymphocytes?
 Definition
A small fraction.
Term
What is the amount of lymphocytes in the body? What is their weight?
 Definition
10^12. 2.2 lbs.
Term
Where do the majority of the lymphocytes reside?
 Definition
The lymph organs of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and thymus etc.
Term
What are the three types of lymphocytes that circulate in the blood?
 Definition
T cells, B cells and NK cells.
Term
What are 80% of the circulating lymphocytes classified as?
 Definition
T cells.
Term
What do T cells provide?
 Definition
cell-mediated immunity.
Term
What are 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes classified as?
 Definition
B cells.
Term
What are B cells responsible for?
 Definition
Antibody-mediated immunity which is also caused HUMORAL IMMUNITY.
Term
What do b cells differentiate into and what do they produce?
 Definition
Plasma cells/antibodies.
Term
What are 5-10% of circulating lymphocytes classified as?
 Definition
NK cells
Term
What do NK cells attack?
 Definition
foreign cells, body cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues.
Term
What is their defense called?
 Definition
Immunological Surveilance.
Term
What does lymphopoesis involve?
 Definition
Red bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid tissues.
Term
What is lympoid tissue?
 Definition
A specialized form of connective tissue called reticular connective tissue (looks like areolar but has lot of collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers)
Term
What are areas of densely packed lymph tissue or lymphocytes are called what?
 Definition
Lymph nodules
Term
What is another name for aggregated lymphoid nodules called?
 Definition
Peyer's patches.
Term
Where are Peyer's patches found? What is its central zone called? What does it contain?
 Definition
deep in the epithelial lining of the distal small intestine. Germinal center that contains dividing lymphocytes.
Term
What does the Mucosa-associated lymph tissue protect?
 Definition
The rest of the epithelia of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts from pathogens and toxins.
Term
Can disorders arise from the inflammation of the MALT?
 Definition
Yes such as appendicitis.
Term
What are tonsils?
 Definition
Large lymphoid nodules in the walls of the pharynx.
Term
Where is the palantine tonsils located and how many are there?
 Definition
2. Posterior, inferior, margin of the oral cavity.
Term
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located and how many are there?
 Definition
Lies in the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx. 1.
Term
Where is the lingual tonsil located and how many are there?
 Definition
deep to the mucous epithelium covering the base of the tongue. 2.
Term
Where are the tubal tonsils found and how many are there?
 Definition
Base of each of the pharyngotympanic tubes. 2.
Term
What is an infected, swollen tonsil called?
 Definition
Tonsilitis.
Term
What is cancer that orginates in the lymphoid cells called?
 Definition
Lymphoma.
Term
What kind of cancer is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus?
 Definition
Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
Term
What are all other types of lymphoma called?
 Definition
Non-hodgkin's lymphoma. 61 types.
Term
What are lymphatic organs separated by unlike lymphatic vessels?
 Definition
A fibrous connective tissue called the capsule including the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
Term
What are lymph nodes?
 Definition
Small lymphoid organs ranging in diameter from 1mm to 25 mm.
Term
What does the shape of a lymph node resemble?q
 Definition
A kidney bean
Term
Where are the largest collections of lymph nodes located?
 Definition
Cervical region, axillary region, and inguinal region.
Term
When lymph flows through a lymph node, ___% of the ______ in the lymph are removed.
 Definition
99%/antigens
Term
Is the immune response always stimulated?
 Definition
No, only when needed.
Term
What are swollen lymph nodes called?
 Definition
Bubboes.
Term
What is the first step in the path of lymph flow through the lymph nodes?
 Definition
Afferent lymph vessels carry dirty lymph into the lymph node FROM the peripheral tissues.
Term
Where do afferent lymphatic vessels penetrate lymph nodes?
 Definition
They penetrate the capsule at the opposite side of the hilum.
Term
What is the 2nd step of the lymph flow?
 Definition
The afferent vessels then deliver the lymph into the subscapular space.
Term
What is the subscapular space?
 Definition
A meshwork of reticular fibers, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
Term
What are the dendritic cells involved in?
 Definition
The initiation of the immune response
Term
What is the 3rd step of lymph flow?
 Definition
It then flows to the outer cortex which contains B cells within germinal centers that look like lymphoid nodules
Term
What is the 4th step of lymph flow?
 Definition
Then flows through the lymph sinuses to the deep cortex.
Term
What is the deep cortex dominated by?
 Definition
T-cells.
Term
What is the 5th step of lymph flow?
 Definition
Lymph continues into the medullary sinuses at the core of the lymph node.
Term
What does the core of the lymph node contain?
 Definition
B cells and plasma cells.
Term
What is the final step of lymph flow?
 Definition
The efferent lymphatic vessels drain the CLEAN lymph out of the lymph node and exits at the hilum.
Term
What are the hormones that the thymus produces collectively called?
 Definition
The thymosins
Term
What are hormones from the thymus important to?
 Definition
Development of functional T cells thus to maintenance of normal body defenses.
Term
What happens to the thymus as a person ages? What is this process called?
 Definition
You are born with a big thymus that continues to grow with exposure to infections but as you age, it becomes smaller/more fibrous by a process called INVOLUTION. This is what makes old people more succeptible to becoming sick.
Term
The thymus is surrounded by _____ which divides it into _____ ______ (R&L).
 Definition
Capsule/two lobes.
Term
Fibrous partitions called ______ originate at the capsule and divide the lobes into ______.
 Definition
septa/lobules.
Term
What does each lobule consist of? What is the medulla dominated by?
 Definition
A dark outer cortex and a lighter inner medulla. Medulla is dominated by thymic corpuscles not present in the cortex.
Term
What is the spleen? Is it the largest lymphatic organ?
 Definition
Performs the same functions for blood that the lymph nodes perform for blood. Yes.
Term
What does the spleen do for the blood?
 Definition
Removes abnormal RBC, stores iron, initiates immune response by B and T cells to antigens in the blood stream.
Term
Where is the spleen? What is it attached to the stomach by?
 Definition
The curving lateral border of the stomach. Gastrosplenic ligament.
Term
What is the outer surface of the spleen called?
 Definition
The diaphragmatic surface.
Term
What is the spleen surrounded by?
 Definition
A capsule containing collagen and elastin fibers. Tears very easily.
Term
Where does the spleen communicate?
 Definition
Its medial/visceral surface at the hilum.
Term
The medial surface has two shallow _____ that conform to the shape of the ____ and _____.
 Definition
depressions/stomach/kidneys.
Term
Does the spleen have trabeculae? What is located within them?
 Definition
Yes. Blood vessels.
Term
What is pulp? What are the two types and how are they different?
 Definition
Cellular components within the spleen. Red and White. Red - large quantities of RBC. White - resembles lymphoid nodules and contains lymphocytes.
Term
What gives the phagocytes of the spleen an opportunity to identify and engulf any damaged or infected cells in circulating blood?
 Definition
The unusual circulatory arrangement.
Term
What are our innate defenses?
 Definition
1.)physical barriers
2.)cellular defenses via phagocytes/NK cells
3.)chemical components via complement, inflammatory chemicals, inteferon and pyrogens.
Term
What are 4 characteristics of our innate defenses?
 Definition
1.)Present/fxn @ birth
2.)Non-specific (do not distinguish one threat from another and respond the same way always)
3.)Localized - attacks where the infection is trying to gain entry
4.)No memory - Do not improve response with increased frequency
Term
What do physical barriers do?
 Definition
Keep hazardous organisms and materials outside of the body.
Term
What are two physical barriers?
 Definition
Skin and Mucous Membranes.
Term
What kind of tissue makes up our outer layer of skin>?
 Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
What do hairs on the skin provide protection against?
 Definition
Mechanical abrasion and prevent hazardous materials or insects from contacting the skins.
Term
What do secretions on the skin do?
 Definition
Flush surfaces that washes away microorganisms and chemical agents.
Term
What can these secretions contain?
 Definition
Defensins - destructive enzymes
Lysozymes - antibodies
Term
What are secretions from sebacecous glands called?
 Definition
Sebum.
Term
What does sebum do?
 Definition
Lubricates the skin and reduces the amount of free water on the skin which creates an arid environment that most microorganisms find inhospitibal.
Term
Where are mucous membranes?
 Definition
The epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts.
Term
What does mucus do?
 Definition
Captures most microorganisms and debris so they cannot gain entry to the delicate internal passageways.
Term
What do mucus membranes also secrete?
 Definition
Chemicals that reduce the growth of microorganisms; powerful acids/lysozomes/defensins.
Term
What are cells of a mucous membrane held together by?
 Definition
Tight jxn
Term
Do they have cilia?
 Definition
Yes.
Term
Do they have MALT?
 Definition
Yes.
Term
When do we use our cellular defenses?
 Definition
When a pathogen has gained entry to the body.
Term
What is a phagocytic cell?
 Definition
Engulfs pathogens and cell debris.
Term
What are characteristics of phagocytic cells?
 Definition
1.)leave capillaries via diapedisis or emigration
2.)Attracted to chemicals produced by an infection via positive chemotaxis.
3.)Always begins with attachment (adherence).
4.)After adherence, the phagocyte may either destroy the target itself or promote destruction via T cells and B cells.
Term
What are the 3 types of phagocytic cells?
 Definition
1.Neutrophils
2.Eosinophils
3.Monocytes
Term
Which type is the most abundant of phagocytic cells?
 Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Neutrophils are _____ mobile and ____ to phagotocyze.
 Definition
highly/quick
Term
Eosinophils have ______ abilities to phagocytize and can only engulf foreign bodies when?
 Definition
limited/once they've been coated with antibodies.
Term
Which types of macrophages rise from monocytes?
 Definition
Free and fixed macrophages
Term
What is a free macrophage?
 Definition
travel throughout the body and arrive at the site of an injury. Dendritic cells.
Term
What is a fixed macrophage?
 Definition
Permenant residents of specific tissues and organs. DO NOT MOVE. Kupffer cells.
Term
Are NK cells macrophages?
 Definition
no.
Term
What do NK cells do?
 Definition
Detect and destroy abnormal body cells or virus infected cells. Immunological surveilance.
Term
What are the 4 steps of a NK cell's attack?
 Definition
1.)If a cell is unusual, the NK recognizes it and adheres to it.
2.)Secretory vesicles are produced (golgi body) and produce perforins.
3.)The perforins are released and separates the Nk cell from its target.
4.)The perforins create holes/pores in the plasma membrane of the target cell.
Term
What is a chemical defense?
 Definition
substances that destroy the organism, label it as invading and prevent its reproduction via other immune system cell response.
Term
What is an interferon?
 Definition
They are secreted by lymphocytes, macrophages and tissues infected with viruses. Ex: CYTOKINE
Term
What do interferons protect?
 Definition
Healthy cells.
Term
What do they antiviral proteins, whose production is stiumlated by interferons, interfere with?
 Definition
The viral replication inside the healthy body cell NOT the entry
Term
What are the 3 types of interferons/
 Definition
1.Alpha
2.Beta
3.Gamma
Term
What do alpha interferons attract?
 Definition
NK Cells
Term
What do beta interferons slow?
 Definition
The inflammation process in a damaged area.
Term
What do gamma interferons stimulate?
 Definition
Macrophage activity.
Term
What is the complement system?
 Definition
A system of 11 circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens.
Term
What are the two complement pathways?
 Definition
Classical and Alternative
Term
What is the classical pathway?
 Definition
the most rapid and effective activation of complement system also called ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX
Term
What are the steps of the classical pathways?
 Definition
1.)One complement protein attaches to antibody molecules already bound to their specific antigen.
2.)The attached complement acts as an enzyme, causes rxn with other complements
3.)Activated complement protein binds to the bacterial cell wall -> lysis of foreign cell, opsination and phagocytosis, or inflammatory response.
Term
What is the alternative pathway?
 Definition
most important against bacteria, some parasites and virus infected cells
Term
What are the steps of the alternative pathway?
 Definition
1.)Begins when factor B, D and properdin interact in the plasma.
2.)Attachment of activated complement protein to the bacterial cell wall which enhances lysis, opsination and phagocytosis or inflammatory response.
Term
What do inflammatory chemcials do?
 Definition
Limit the spread of an injury or infection
Term
What are the steps of the inflammatory response?
 Definition
1.)Tissue damage
2.)Injured area releases prostaglandins, cytokins, potassium ions, pyrogens etc.
3.)Mast cells and basophils are activated and then released heparin and histamine.
Term
What does the flood of chemicals into the body cause?
 Definition
1.)vasodilation - increases blood flow to site of damage
2.)Increased permeability of blood vessels
3.)Fibrin threads form occludes lymph vessels that limits the removal of lymph.
4.)Leukocytosis
5.)Positive Chemotaxis - phagocytes are attracted to the site of injury.
Term
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
 Definition
1.)Redness
2.)Heat
3.)Swelling
4.)Pain
Term
What are pyrogens?
 Definition
Fever inducing chemical that accelerates tissue metabolism, tissue repair and immune defenses.
Term
What is a fever?
 Definition
Body temperature maintained above 99F (37.2C)
Term
For each 1C degree jump, metabolism jumps by ____%.
 Definition
10
Term
What is the benefit of a fever?
 Definition
Limits the growth and reproduction of bacteria/viruses and can stimulate increased metaboilsm and tissue repaire.
Term
What are some harms of a high fever?
 Definition
Can denature proteins which can actually shut down normal immune response
Term
When does adaptive immunity come into play?
 Definition
AFTER exposure unlike INNATE.
Term
What are characteristics of adaptive immunity?
 Definition
1.)Develops as a result to exposure.
2.)Specific - recognizes and attacks infections with specificity.
3.)Systemic - can attack an infection everywhere/anywhere
4.)Memory - modify and improve responses
5.)Versatile - adaptive cells multiply clones that can take on different roles in immune response.
6.)Tolerance - Targets foreign cells only NOT SELF.
Term
What are the two main types of adaptive defenses?
 Definition
1.)Cell mediated immunity
2.)Antibody-mediated immunity
Term
What are 3 properties of antibody-mediated immunity?
 Definition
1.)Action of b-lymphocytes.
2.)Also called humoral immunity.
3.)B-lymphocytes reside in the spleen/lymph nodes/circulating in blood and can directly recognize infections or their antigens and can undergo clonal expansion.
Term
What is sensitization?
 Definition
When a b-lymphocyte finds its specific antigen in the body fluids and prepares to go under activation.
Term
What is the initial response to exposure of an antigen and what is it called?
 Definition
B-lymphocytes proliferating rapidly. Called the primary response.
Term
What is the antibody titer? When does it peak?
 Definition
Level of antibody activity in plasma. peaks one to two weeks after exposure.
Term
What are the two types of cells that a b-lymphocyte can differentiate into?
 Definition
1.)Plasma B
2.)Memory B
Term
What are Plasma-B Cells?
 Definition
Secrete free antibodies that attack the current infection/its antigens.
Term
What happens to Plasma-B cells once the infection is defeated?
 Definition
Apoptosis - programmed cell death.
Term
The antibodies secreted by Plasma B cells circulate in the blood for how long?
 Definition
An extended amount of time even when the infection is over.
Term
What are Memory B cells?
 Definition
Remain in reserve and can respond quickly to subsequent exposures to an infection with the same antigens
Term
What is it called when Memory B cells are used?
 Definition
Secondary response.
Term
Does the antibody titer level increase more rapidly or slower than in the primary reponse?
 Definition
More rapidly.
Term
What is the structure of an antibody?
 Definition
Four polypeptide chains. One pair of heavy chains on interior, one pair of light chains on the exterior. The chains are held together by disulfide bopnds.
Term
What is the constant region? Who has it?
 Definition
Where the amino acid sequence is the same. Each four chains.
Term
What is the variable region? Who has it?
 Definition
Where the amino acid sequence is unique. Each.
Term
What forms the base of the antibody molecule?
 Definition
The two constant heavy chains
Term
What do the free tips of the two variable segments form?
 Definition
The antigen binding site of the antibody molecule
Term
What affects the precise shape of the antigen binding site? What does this demonstrate?
 Definition
Small differences in the amino acid sequence. Specificity
Term
When is the antigen-antibody complex formed?
 Definition
When the antibody molecule binds to its corresponding antigen molecules.
Term
Where do antibodies bind?
 Definition
Antigenic determinant sites
Term
What is a complete antigen?
 Definition
An antigen with at least two antigenic determinant sites
Term
What is a partial antigen?
 Definition
Also called a HAPTEN. Does not bind to both branches of Y. Can attach to carrier molecules that enable them to function as complete antigens
Term
What are the 5 different classes of antibodies/immunoglobulins?
 Definition
1.)IgA
2.)IgD
3.)IgE
4.)IgG
5.)IgM
Term
What is IgA?
 Definition
A dimer found in glandular secretions (mucus, tears, etc.). They attack the pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues.
Term
What is IgD?
 Definition
A monomer found in the surface of B cells that causes sensitization of the B cell causing it to proliferate.
Term
What is IgE?
 Definition
A monomer that attaches as an individual molecule to basophils and mast cells.
Term
What is IgG?
 Definition
Accounts for 80% of antibodies. Responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins. Monomers. Can cross placenta. Cause HDN
Term
What is IgM?
 Definition
A pentamer secreted after an antigen is encountered. IgM declines as IgG increases. Anti-A and Anti-B are IgM.
Term
Are antibodies versatile?
 Definition
YEs
Term
What is complement activation?
 Definition
Portions of the antibody molecule change shape, exposing areas that bind complement proteins which then activates the complement system.
Term
What does complement activation cause? What is it?
 Definition
Opsinization - antibodies coating the outer surface of pathogens so they become sticky and are more suceptible to phagocytosis.
Term
What does opsinization encourage?
 Definition
Phagocytosis.
Term
What is precipitation and agglutination?
 Definition
When antigens are close together, an antibody can bind to two different antigens. Then, they clump together. When the target antigen is on the surface of a cell or virus = agglutination
When the target antigen is non-cellular, the clumping = precipitation
Term
What is neutralization?
 Definition
Antibodies block the binding sites so that viruses cannot bind to the body cells.
Term
What prevents pathogenic adhesion?
 Definition
Antibodies dissolved in saliva, mucus, sweat and tears coat the epithelial cells providing an additional layer of defense.
Term
What cells cause the inflammatory response? What chemical is released?
 Definition
Mast cells and basophils. Histamine and heparin.
Term
What two ways can humoral immunity be acquired?
 Definition
Actively and passively
Term
What are the two types of active acquired immunity?
 Definition
1.)Naturally - antibodies are produced in response to a natural exposure of antigens in the environment.
2.)Arificially - develops after the administration of an antigen to purposely expose someone to an antigen. Ex: Vaccinations
Term
What are two types of passive acquired immunity?
 Definition
1.)Naturally - receives antibodies from another person by participating in a natural activity. Ex: breast feeding
2.)Artificially - Antibodies produced by someone else are purposely given to a person to provide immunity. Ex: Snake anti-venom
Term
What are some properties of cell-mediated immunity?
 Definition
Provided by the action of T-lymphocytes which are produced in Red bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland.
Term
Can t-lymph. recognize an antigen directly?
 Definition
No.
Term
What must happen in order for cell mediated response?
 Definition
The antigen must be processed and presented to the t-lymphocyte by either a specialized antigen presenting cell or infected body cells.
Term
When does antigen presentation occur?
 Definition
When glycoproteins on the surface of APC's or body cells display an antigen or a piece of it. They are called MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEXES OR MHC PROTEINS.
Term
What are the 2 classes of MHC proteins?
 Definition
1.)Class I - Found on every body cell to allow those infected with a virus to alert the immune system.
2.)Class II - Found only on the membrane of APCs. They allow them to show the body that they are infected and stimulates other immune system cells to rush to the site of the infection and help with the attack.
Term
What are the 4 types of cells created during an infection?
 Definition
1.)Helper T
2.)Cytotoxic B
3.)Suppressor T
4.)Memory T
Term
What the helper T cells produce?
 Definition
Cytokines that stimulate the proliferation of all other immune cell types. DO NOT KILL ANYTHING.
Term
What are cytotoxic T cells?
 Definition
Killer T cells. Stimulate infected body cells and helper T cells to attack virus-infected body cells and cancer cells.
Term
What are suppressor t cells
 Definition
Shuts down the activity of T and B cells once the infection has been conquered by the secretion of SUPRESSION FACTORS or CD8
Term
What are memory cells?
 Definition
Cells that remain in cirulation long after the infection is over to respond to future infections.
Term
Once an organism is inside of a macrophage, it processes it and exposes it on the surface of its own cell in combination with the class ____ protein.
 Definition
II
Term
The antigen - class II MHC complex can only be recongized by the cell that posses a cd___ marker.
 Definition
4
Term
Which are the only cells that possess a CD4 marker?
 Definition
Helper T cells and Memory T cells
Term
What happens once these two cells regonize the CD4 marker?
 Definition
The Helper T cell starts to secrete cytokines and alerts other B and T lymphocytes and begins the process of positive chemotaxis.
Term
Once a virus is inside of a body cell, it can alert the body it is infected by displaying a piece of abnormal peptides of the virus. This is which class of MHC proteins?
 Definition
Class I.
Term
The antigen - class I MHC complex can only be recognized by cells that possess a cd___ marker.
 Definition
8.
Term
What do CD8 cells differentiate to form?
 Definition
Cytotoxic cells, Suppressor cells and Memory T cells.
Term
Once the virus is recognized, the cytotoxic t cells destroy the sick body cells by ______ which then causes apoptosis by the supressor t cells and then disruption of the cell's metabolism via _______.
 Definition
Preforins. Lymphotoxins.
Term
SO IN SUMMARY :

Class I proteins _____ the _______ cell and use ______, _______ and _______ to do so.

CD ___
 Definition
kill the body cell.
Cytotoxic
Supressor
Memory T

CD8
Term
Class II proteins _____ the ______ cell and use ______ and _____ to do so.

CD ___
 Definition
HELP the APC cell
helper T cell
memory t cell

CD4
Term
What is an autoimmune disease?
 Definition
Causes B cells to make antibodies against normal body tissues.
Term
What are the misguided antibodies called?
 Definition
Autoantibodies.
Term
What is multiple sclerosis?
 Definition
Autoantibodies attack the white matter of the nervous system which leads to demylenation of neurons which causes weakness or even paralysis
Term
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
 Definition
Autoantibodies destroy the connective tissues associated with joints or joint capsules
Term
What is systemic lupus erthematosus?
 Definition
Autoantibodies attack many organs
Term
What is Grave's Disease?
 Definition
Autoantibodies attack thyroid tissue causing an excess production of throxine.
Term
What is Type I diabetes mellitus?
 Definition
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Autoantibodies attack the pancreatic cells that produce insulin.
Term
What is Glomerulonephritis?
 Definition
Autoantibodies attack the kidneys leaving to renal disfuction.
Term
What decreases the liklihood of rejection of a graft?
 Definition
immunosuppresive drugs.
Term
What is an autograft?
 Definition
Tissues used from the same person
Term
What is an isograft?
 Definition
Tissues used from genetically identical twins.
Term
What is an allograft?
 Definition
Tissues from non-genetically identical persons that MUST BE HUMAN
Term
What is an xenograft?
 Definition
Tissues from organisms of different species
Term
What is severe combined immuodeficency?
 Definition
SCID syndrome. Congenital condition that results from a genetic disorder leading to deficits in B and T cells.
Term
What is aquired deficiency syndrome?
 Definition
AIDS. Caused by HIV. Destroys helper T cells thus depressing cell-mediated immunity.
Term
When do allergies occur?
 Definition
When the antibody response is so severe that it causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived infection or allergen that would otherwise be harmless.
Term
What is immediate hypersensitivity? (Type I)
 Definition
Response begins within seconds of exposure and lasts 30 mins to an hour. EX: Anaphylactic shock
Term
What is subacute hypersensitivity?
 Definition
Onset is 1-3 hours after exposure and it lasts from 10-15 hours. Type II - mismatched blood and Type III - farmer's lung
Term
What is delayed hypersensitivity (Type IV)
 Definition
Occurs within 1-3 days of exposure and lasts for a week or more. Ex: Poison ivy.
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