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3rd king of Bourbon dynasty. “I am the state.” (1643-1715).
§ Devoted himself to helping France attain economic, political, & cultural brilliance
§ Principal patron of arts. Purpose of art no longer to glorify God, but glorify king
§ Failed in many of military goals despite France’s strength-only gained Alsace. |
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Louis 14. Just as sun is center of the solar system, Louis was center of France’s gov’t.
Fronde: riots led by nobles who feared Mazarin (Cardinal & prime minister) was stripping away their powers & privileges. Ù revolt failed.
People of France accepted oppressive laws of absolute king b/c convinced that rebellion was even worse. |
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theory that said a country’s economic strength rested on certain conditions:
§ Acquiring gold & silver
§ Expanding manufacturing
§ Encouraging commerce
§ Owning colonies
§ Building up shipping & navy
§ Exporting more goods than were imported. |
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Became minister of finance in 1655 when economy was weak. Believed in mercantilism.
§ To expand manufacturing, he gave subsidies-grants of money & tax benefits to French companies.
§ Sought to develop mining & agriculture. Encouraged foreigners to settle in France to get workers.
§ Balance of trade: Exporting more than importing.
§ To protect France’s industries, placed high tariff-import tax-on good coming in to France.
§ Recognized importance of colonies. Gov’t encouraged people to migrate to Canada (fur trade).
§ Improved transportation within France b/c vital to trade. |
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| Many of France’s skilled workers & business leaders were Huguenots. |
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§ Louis, devout Catholic, revoked Edict of Nantes, which had protected freedom of Huguenots.
§ Huguenots fled France to escape persecution Ù France lost skilled workers & business leaders. |
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Grand palace built by Louis XIV located in tiny village outside Paris.
§ Unlike all previous royal residences, it was completely unfortified.
§ B/c of its great size, like a small royal city w/ a chapel, theater, library, etc.
§ Most famous room: Hall of Mirrors: held state receptions & celebrate special occasions.
§ Held an irresistible attraction for nobles of France & all of Europe.
§ As the royal residence & center of government, it dominated French political & cultural life.
§ Its gardens & royal suites provided a visual display of Louis’s absolute power. |
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Defensive strategy. Weaker countries join together to = or even exceed a strong one.
§ In this balance, no 1 country or group of countries can dominate others.
§ Many countries banded together to stop France’s aggression. |
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| War of Spanish Succession |
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England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Denmark, Portugal, several German states, & Italian duchy of Savory joined together against France & Spain.-1701.
§ 1700-Spain’s Charles II died, left throne & empire to Louis’s grandson Philip V.
o 2 greatest powers in Europe (France & Spain), past enemies, now linked by blood.
§ 1713-Treaty of Utrecht signed.
o Philip V (Louis grandson) allowed to remain king of Spain, not France.
o Great Britain (England & Scotland)-victors
§ Took Rock of Gibraltar-southern tip of Spain Ù control of gateway to Med. Sea
§ From France, claims to North American territories
o Austrian Hapsburgs-victors-gained Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) & Spain’s Italian lands
o German state of Prussia & Italian duchy of Savoy both recognized as kingdoms
o Set up new balance of power: weakened France & Spain vs. Britain, Netherlands, & Austria
Like the king of France, the czar of Russia was an absolute ruler. |
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Peter’s family. Came to power in early 1600s. Ruled Russia for 300 yrs. (1613-1917).
§ Russian society was still dominated by land-owning families w/ estates worked by serfs.
When Peter came to throne, Russia was an isolated land without the ideas of the Renaissance, Age of Exploration, & Scientific Revolution. Had looked to Constantinople, not Rome, for leadership. |
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: 1682. Made Russia a major European power. 2 main goals:
§ Winning a warm-water seaport for Russia. “a window on the sea”
§ Modernizing Russia-traveled to western Europe to learn of their customs.
§ Set a new fashion by inviting noblewoman to social gatherings. Demanded that they come without veils. Decreed that parents could no longer marry off children without their agreement.
§ Made Russia follow the European custom of starting their year on January 1.
§ To strengthen Russia’s economy, adopted the mercantilist ideas fashionable in Europe..
§ Russia knew nothing about events outside country Ù started Russia 1st newspaper
§ Made himself head of the Russian church to show his rule as absolute monarch.
§ Modernized army by making it a full-time job with European weapons.
§ To win a warm-water seaport, he took Azov on the Black Sea. |
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Peter’s war against the Swedish for a piece of the Baltic piece. (1700-1721).
§ Used Russia’s winter cold to beat Sweden’s Charles XII Ù Charles died Ù Peter invaded both Finland & Sweden Ù gave Russia a broad belt of land on Baltic Sea. |
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“a great window for Russia to look out at Europe.” North of Moscow. Location on the coast gave it milder climate & allowed ships to sail down Neva River into Baltic & on to western Europe.
§ 1712-Peter declared it his new capital.
Central Europe: Region was open to warfare & migration Ù rulers had trouble gaining firm borders
Socially, landowning aristocracy gained more & more power over their serf.
Politically, central Europe fell under rule of Holy Roman emperor, Ottoman emperor, & king of Poland |
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sultan collected taxes & had large standing army.
§ Gov’t in Istanbul (Constantinople) was corrupt, & large army was poorly equipped.
Hapsburg ruler Charles VI made sure that his daughter inherited all his empire made up of 3 parts:
§ Dukedom of Austria, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary, German states, lands in Italy. |
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| Daughter of Charles V. Inherited the Hapsburg empire & became monarch in 1740. |
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Ruled by the Hohenzollerns. All Hohenzollern territories, including Brandenberg = Prussia
§ Prussia was declared a kingdom in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. |
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German-speaking family who tried to take advantage of weak empires in central Europe.
§ Most valued possession: small states in Holy Roman Empire = Brandenburg
o Its ruling prince was 1 of 7 electors who chose the Holy Roman emperor
§ Frederick William inherited title of Elector of Brandenberg. Became the Great Elector.
§ 3 Hohenzollerns who followed the Great Elector’s formula for success: build bigger & better army |
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Ruled Prussia from 1713-1740. Refused to spend money on anything but his soldiers & development of military power.
§ His obsession with the army Ù doubled the size of the army
§ Made Prussia a military society. |
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Prussia’s landowning nobility were the only people Frederick William made his officers.
§ Far superior in social status & power to any civilian. |
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Came to throne in 1740. Invaded Hapsburg lands.
§ Invaded & occupied Silesia (Austria’s iron-rich land) assuming Maria Theresa as a woman couldn’t put up a fight.
§ Following Prussia’s lead, other countries leaped to take advantage of her supposed weakness. |
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