Term
page 418
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
(r. 1479-1516, b. 1451-d.1504, respectively) |
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Definition
Together, they were the monarchs of the the largest Christian kingdoms in Iberia; their marriage created a united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World
Significance: -drove out Muslims and Jews, retained Christianity
-severely disrupted Castilian economy
-patronized Christopher Columbus
Analyze: -wanted to ensure religious unity
-expelling of non-Christians led to population growth
-expansion of territory = money |
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Term
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Definition
First area of Spanish exploration and settlement; served as experimental region for nature of Spanish colonial experience; encomienda system of colonial management initiated here
Significance: -acted as region in which Spaniards could test new colonial ideology; led to development of encomiendas
Analyze: -surplus of agricultural native peoples allowed feasibility of their distribution |
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Term
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Definition
First island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settlement founded by Columbus on second voyage to new World; Spanish base of operations for further discoveries in land
Significance: -acted as relay point for Spaniards before moving on to other lands
Analyze: -steady settlement in one location allowed more exploration to ensue |
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Term
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Definition
Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerers and settlers in Mesoamerica and S. America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
Significance: -resembled Medieval method of serfdom
-encomendero (holder of encomienda) were allowed to use people as workers and/or tax them
Analyze: -helped with establishment of somewhat fortified ports of trade and commerce |
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Term
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Definition
Holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay a tribute or provide labor; responsible for integration of encomienda into the church
Significance: -supervised encomienda and collected wealth from them
-responsible for Christian conversion of encomienda
Analyze: -economic and religious growth |
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Term
page 422
Bartolome de Las Casas
(1484-1566) |
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Definition
Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of Spanish colonies; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights
Significance: -supporter of peaceful conversion and considerable rights for indigenous peoples
Analyze: -religious beliefs and witnessing of harsh punishments against Native Americans (he was a conquistador turned priest) |
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Term
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Definition
Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan
Significance: -led expedition that captured Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Empire
-killed emperor Moctezuma II
Analyze: -rumors of great kingdom and wealth drove his desire to invade and conquer |
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Term
page 424
Moctezuma II
(1480-1520) |
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Definition
Last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Cortes's conquest of Tenochtitlan
Significance: -killed during Cortes's conquest of Aztec imperial capital
-last independent Aztec emperor
Analyze: -killed due to Cortes's deception, boldness, ruthlessness, and luck
-Starvation, battles, and European disease were factors in the empire's eventual fall and replacement by Mexico City |
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Term
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Definition
Capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
Significance: -first major city to emerge after decline of Aztec Empire
Analyze: -Spaniards formed kingdom of New Spain |
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Term
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Definition
Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica; included most of central Mexico; based on imperial system of Aztecs
Significance: -led to Spanish pushing conquest southward in Central America and northward into area of nomadic peoples of north central Mexico
Analyze: -establishment of kingdom brought previous empire's possessions into Spain's control, such as its network of towns and its dense, agricultural population |
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Term
page 424
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
(c. 1510-1554) |
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Definition
Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of mythical cities of gold
Significance: -penetrated southern US as far as modern day Kansas
Analyze: -search for cities of gold and wealth |
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Term
page 424
Pedro de Valdivia |
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Definition
Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est. city of Santiago in 1541
Significance: -overthrew natives of Chile (Araucanians) and formed city of Santiago
Analyze: -wealth and power, like always |
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Term
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Definition
Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
Significance: -mobilized thousands of workers for mines and other projects
-caused many Indians to leave native villages and work for Spanish landowners and cities instead
Analyze: -colonial governments gained power
-harsh punishments and corruptions |
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Term
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Definition
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia); largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver
Significance: -largest producer of Peruvian silver
-reason for large mita
Analyze: -labor was needed to extract silver and therefore support Spanish economy, though it backfired eventually |
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Term
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Definition
Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production; linked with Petosi
Significance: -helped Potosi mine's extraction of silver
-benefitted local economies by raising need for agricultural produce and livestock
Analyze: -amalgamation of mercury and silver = extraction of latter
-more workers meant more food, and therefore more money went to local farmers and merchants |
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Term
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Definition
Rural estates in Spanish colonies in New World, produced agricultural products for consumers in America; basis of wealth and power for local aristocracy
Significance: -produced food for American consumers
-became basis of wealth/power for local aristocracy
Analyze: -large populations of Spanish immigrants
-traditionally agrarian communities depended on haciendas for sustenance |
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Term
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Definition
Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return
Significance: -often worked with boards of trade
-kept prices high in colonies and kept control over trade
Analyze: -conjunction with trading boards allowed benefit of virtual monopoly over traded goods |
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Term
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Definition
Large, heavily armored ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis for convoy system utilized by Spain for transportation of bullion
Significance: -successful method of transporting valuable goods from New World to Spain and beyond
Analyze: -sturdy structure protected against buccaneers and pirates |
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Term
page 430
Treaty of Tordesillas |
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Definition
Signed in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession in New World; reserved Brazil and all newly discovered lands east of Brazil to Portugal; all lands west of Brazil to Spain
Significance: -clearly defined territorial rights to Spain and Portugal
Analyze: -imaginary north-south line divided lands of Brazil; east to Portugal, west to Spain |
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Term
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Definition
University-trained lawyers from Spain in the New World; juridical core of Spanish colonial bureaucracy; exercised both legislative and administrative functions
Significance: -staffed the majority of bureaucratic positions
-also exercised legislative and administrative authority
Analyze: -apparent political monopoly due to lack of laws clarifying the division of powers |
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Term
page 430
Recopilación
(Summary, compilation) |
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Definition
Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies
Significance: -codified laws of colonial government in the New World
Analyze: -corruption and excess of power exerted by letrados often caused contradictory laws |
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Term
page 430
Council of the Indies |
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Definition
Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with Spanish colonies of New World
Significance: -body through which the king ruled and was informed of New World ongoings
Analyze: -king could not leave throne in motherland; needed a way to supervise colonial activity without abandoning original kingdom |
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Term
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Definition
Two major divisions of Spanish colonies in New World; one based in Lima; the other in Mexico City; direct representatives of the king
Significance: -exercised colonial power on behalf of king and informed him of local occurrences in New World
Analyze: -same reason as Council of the Indies: king could not leave Spain and someone needed to supervise colonial activity |
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Term
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Definition
Senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct reps of king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties; they were usually high ranking Spanish nobles with previous military or governmental experience; Portuguese also used viceroys who resided in Goa for their possessions in Indian Ocean, then after mid-17th cent. for their colony in Brazil
Significance: -system of government used by both Spain and Portugal (see definition)
Analyze: -best method of supervising at the time |
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Term
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Definition
Royal court of appeals establish in Spanish colonies of New World; there were 10 in each viceroyalty; part of colonial administrative system; staffed by professional magistrates
Significance:-helped make laws as well as apply them
Analyze: -superior court was needed to control judicial divisions of viceroyalties |
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Term
page 431
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
(1651-1695) |
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Definition
Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters
Significance: -example of colonial intellectual life
-poet, musician, societal commentator, author
Analyze: -result of growing number of universities in Spanish America |
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Term
page 431
Pedro Alvares Cabral |
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Definition
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil
Significance: -inadvertently discovered Brazil
-territory came under Portuguese control; led to capitaincies
Analyze: -weather or storm most likely blew Cabral off course
-pressure from French competitors who could have possibly seized the land |
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Term
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Definition
Strips of land along Brazilian coast granted to minor Portuguese nobles for development; enjoyed limited success in developing the colony
Significance: -more often than not, capitaincies were unable to produce commercial gain
-some established towns for sugar plantations
Analyze: -lacked necessary skills in building successful colony
-those who did succeed used Native Americans and, later, slaves for labor |
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Term
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Definition
Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century
Significance: -established Portuguese claims to much of continental interior
-eventually were successful in gold strikes
Analyze: -capturing Indians permitted Portuguese to claim land rights
-after enough searching, precious metal deposits were found |
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Term
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Definition
Region of Brazil located in mountainous interior where gold strikes were discovered in 1695; became location for gold rush
Significance: -site of major gold strikes
-colony expanded
Analyze: -area became much more popular due to wealth
-people go where money can be found |
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Term
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Definition
Brazilian port; close to mines of Minas Gerais; importance grew with gold strikes; became colonial capital in 1763
Significance: -became capital of colony and amassed great wealth
-sponsored building of churches, which in turn inspired artists, architects, and composers
Analyze: -great wealth was amassed from nearby Minas Gerais; excess money permits a civilization to expand upon art and culture |
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Term
page 434
Sociedad de castas |
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Definition
American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top, black slaves or Native Americans at bottom, mixed races in middle
Significance: -example of cultural fusion in Americas, as well as developing racial prejudices
Analyze: -in a word: miscegenation |
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Term
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Definition
People living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain
Significance: -instance of middle class in sociedad de castas
Analyze: -native Spaniards received more rights than Native Americans due to the belief that the former were humane, while the latter were only created for submission |
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Term
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Definition
Whites born in New World; dominated local Latin American economies and ranked just beneath peninsulares
Significance: -developed strong sense of identity and pride of heritage
-controlled local economies and had major influence on haciendas and mines
Analyze: -racial lineage allowed them to have more rights than Native Americans and slaves |
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Term
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Definition
Clubs and associations dedicated to improvements and reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during 18th century; called for material improvements rather than political reform
Significance: -progressive thinkers who discussed reforms regarding material items rather than politics
Analyze: -most likely a result of outer influence from the Enlightenment occurring in Europe at the time |
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Term
page 438
War of the Spanish Succession |
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Definition
Resulted from Bourbon family's succession to Spanish throne in 1701; ended by Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, loss of some lands, grants of commercial rights to English and French
Significance: -France gained commercial concessions that allowed them to operate in Seville; England was permitted to trade slaves in Spanish America, as well as silver
-broke down Spain's commercial monopoly
Analyze: -Treaty of Utrecht ended war and settlements were made to avoid future conflict |
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Term
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Definition
Spanish enlightened monarch; ruled from 1759-1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire
Significance: -instituted reforms on taxes
-drove out Jesuits
-French bureaucratic models introduced and navy reformed
Analyze: -inspired by economic nationalism and desire for strong centralized government |
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Term
page 438
José de Gálvez
(1720-1787) |
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Definition
Spanish minister of West Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate Creoles from upper bureaucracy of colonies; created intendants for local government
Significance: -investigated injustices and abuses of local magistrates and Creole landowners and aristocracy
-replaced local magistrates with intendants (provincial governors)
-improved tax collection but disrupted patterns of influence and power
Analyze: -removal of magistrates severely damaged authority of Creole bureaucrats, miners, and landowners |
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Term
page 439
Marquis of Pombal |
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Definition
Prime minister of Portugal from 1755-1776; acted to strengthen royal authority in Brazi; expelled Jesuits; enacted fiscal reforms and established monopoly companies to stimulate colonial economy
Significance: -brutally suppressed any group that threatened his royal power and/or programs (i.e. Jesuits)
-fiscal reforms and monopolistic companies instituted
-abolished slavery in Portugal and directed salves to Brazil
Analyze: -combination of attraction to mercantilism and enforcing state intervention in economy in the hopes of breaking England's economic hold on Portugal |
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Term
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Definition
One of popular revolts against Spanish colonial rule in New Granada (Colombia) in 1781; suppressed as a result of divisions among rebels.
Significance: -exemplified displeasure amongst majority population of colony
-royal army was defeated, viceroy of Bogota fled, and capital was almost overthrown
Analyze: -reformist policies, tighter tax collection, and higher levels of activism in government spurred revolt
-ultimately, disagreements amongst rebels led to dissolution of revolt |
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Term
page 440
Tupac Amaru
(1738-1781) |
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Definition
Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution
Significance: -composed of more than 70,000 Indians, mestizos, and even a few Creoles
-intent to overthrow "bad government"
-eventually failed
Analyze: -despite injustices of upper classes, Creoles were afraid of true social revolution due to the possibility of it disrupting political balance |
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