Term
| When blood Glucose levels are high, the body stores what? |
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Definition
| Glucose is stored as Glycogen |
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Term
| When the body is low on glucose, what does it do? |
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Definition
| Glycogen is quickly mobilized to tissues needing glucose |
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Term
| Where is most of the body's glycogen stored? |
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Definition
| the muscles store the most glycogen in the body |
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Term
| What tissue in the body stores the most glycogen by weight? |
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Definition
| the liver stores more glygocen by weight |
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Term
| What tissue in the body stores the most glycogen? |
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Definition
| muscles, there is more muscle tissue than liver tissue in the body and because of sheer mass, muscle stores more |
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Term
| What three enzymes are involved in Glycogen synthesis? |
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Definition
UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Glycogen Synthase
Glycogen Branching Enzyme |
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Term
| What is the function of UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase? |
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Definition
| UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase, which transfers a glucose-1-phosphate to UTP to form UDP-Glucose (Figure 19-2) and Pyrophosphate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed and makes the reaction thermodynamically favorable; |
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Term
| Draw/explain the function of Glcogen Branching Enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can inhibit Glycogen Synthase? |
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Definition
High energy molecules such as ATP, ADP, and Pi
High Glucose Levels |
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Term
| What can activate Glycogen Synthase? |
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Definition
glucose-1-phosphate
Low Energy
Low Glucose Levels |
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Term
| How is Glycogen Synthase inhibited by ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What three enzymes are required for glycogen degradation? |
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Definition
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Phosphoglucomutase
Glycogen Debranching Enzyme |
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Term
| What is the function of Glycogen Phosphorylase? |
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Definition
| to hydrolize an α(1→4) linkage to form glucose-1-phosphate (if the bond is at least 5 residues from a branch point) |
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Term
| What is the function of Glycogen Debranching Enzyme? |
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Definition
| removes the branches from glycogen |
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Term
| What is the function of Phosphoglucomutase? |
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Definition
| it converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| Where can the product of Phosphoglucomutase go (what biological process)? |
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Definition
| glucose-6-phosphate can enter the glycolytic pathway (it is the 2nd substrate in the pathway) |
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Term
| How many active sites does Glycogen Debranching Enzymes have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw or explain the function/steps of Glycogen Debranching enzyme |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a key signal for Glycogen breakdown/degradation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What activates Protein Kinase A? |
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Definition
| cAMP - Signals the body's need for energy |
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Term
| What does Protein Kinase A activate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What activates glycogen Phosphorylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What phosphorilates Glyocgen Phosphorylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does activated Glycogen Phosphoylase do? |
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Definition
| "Turns on" the system for glycogen breakdown |
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Term
| What does Phosphoprotein Phosphatase-1 do? |
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Definition
it dephosphorylates both Glycogen Phosphorylase and Phosphorylase Kinase
It inactivates both Glycogen Phosphorylase and Phosphorylase Kinase |
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Term
| What influences the activity of Phosphoprotein Phosphatase-1? |
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Definition
| The level of phosphorylation, which is dependant upon hormone signals and the energy balance of the cell |
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Term
| What is the relationship between kinases and phophatases? |
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Definition
Kinases turns on
Phosphatase turns off |
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Term
| What is a key signal in Glycogen synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a futile cycle prevented in Glycogen synthesis and breakdown? |
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Definition
cAMP is used as 1st line signal for both systems
It turns on one pathway while turning off the other |
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