Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of the Citric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
-
Oxidizes C atoms to CO2
-
regenerates oxaloacetate
|
|
|
Term
| Function Cirtric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (2C) acetyl + (4C) oxaloacetate yeilds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tricarboxlyic acid releases 2 CO2 yeilding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are generated from Citric Acid Cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Citric Acid Cycle produces what by removing electrons from citrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain is used for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of ATP yeilded when NADH & FADH2 are oxidized by O2 in oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Electrons released by NADH & FADH2 are subject to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st stage of Citric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
- couple oxaloacetate (4C) w/ acetyl (2C) to form citrate (6C)
- oxidative decarboxylation forms 2 CO2
- 4C molecule yielded w/ high transfer potential e- as 2 NADH
|
|
|
Term
| 1st stage of Citric Acid Cycle is catalyzed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Job of the hydrolysis of thioester bond |
|
Definition
- Drive the rxn in the direction of citrate synthesis
|
|
|
Term
| Mammilian citrate synthase's makeup |
|
Definition
- Dimer consisting of 49-kd subunits
|
|
|
Term
| Location of citrate synthase active site |
|
Definition
- located in a cleft b/t large and small domains of a subunit, adjacent ot subunit interface
|
|
|
Term
| Citrate synthase undergoes what in the course of catalysis |
|
Definition
- a large conformational change
|
|
|
Term
| What induces a major structural change in citrate synthase |
|
Definition
- the binding of oxaloactate leading to the creation of a binding site for acetyl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| Citrate synthase catalyzes this first |
|
Definition
- the condensation of citrate and acetyl CoA into citryl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| This causes the active site on citrate synthase to become completely enclosed |
|
Definition
- the formation of citryl CoA out of citrate and acetyl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| 2nd rxn catalyzed by the citrate synthase enzyme |
|
Definition
- the cleaving of the citryl CoA thioester bond by hydrolysis
|
|
|
Term
| Products of the 2nd catalysis performed by citrate synthase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is citrate sythase better suited for hydrolysis of citryl or acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
- better suited for citryl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| Major purpose of the citric acid cycle |
|
Definition
- oxidation of carbon atoms leading to capture of high-transfer-potential e-
|
|
|
Term
| what prevents an undesirable side rxn with citrate synthase |
|
Definition
- induced fit prevents undesirable side rxns
|
|
|
Term
| This is not properly located in the citrate molecule initially |
|
Definition
- the hydroxyl ion is not properly located for oxidative decarbolylation
|
|
|
Term
| What must occur for citrate to undergo oxidative decarboxylation |
|
Definition
- citrate must be isomerized into isocitrate
|
|
|
Term
| the isomerization of citrate into isocitrate is accomplished by this |
|
Definition
- a dehydration step followed by a hydration step
|
|
|
Term
| the enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the intermediate formed during the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1st of 4 redox rxns in the CAC |
|
Definition
- oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate
|
|
|
Term
| oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate is catalyzed by this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate intermediate |
|
Definition
- oxalosuccinate (an unstable α-ketoacid)
|
|
|
Term
| Generated by oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate |
|
Definition
- the 1st high transfer potential e- of the CAC in the form of NADH
|
|
|
Term
| The 2nd oxidative decarboxylation rxn of CAC |
|
Definition
- Removing CO2 from α-ketoglutarate to from succinyl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| Removal of a CO2 from α-ketoglutarate to from succinyl CoA is catalyzed by this |
|
Definition
- α-keoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
|
|
|
Term
| Stage 2 of the Citric Acid Cycle |
|
Definition
- Regeneration of Oxaloacetate and formation of a FADH2 , NADH, and an ATP
|
|
|
Term
| The cleavage of the thioester bond of succinyl CoA is coupled to this |
|
Definition
- the phosphorylation of a purine necloside diphosphate, usually ADP
|
|
|
Term
| The cleavage of the thioester bond of succinyl CoA is catalyzed by this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tissue that require large amounts of cellular respiration(skeletal & heart muscle) succinyl CoA synthetase is specific for this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In tissue that performs many anabolic rxns (liver tissue) succinyl CoA synthetase is specific for this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The GDP-requiring enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase is believed to do this |
|
Definition
- work in the reverse direction of what we see in the CAC meaning it uses GTP to power the formation of succinyl CoA
|
|
|
Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 steps to convert a methylene group (CH2) to a carbonyl group (C=O) |
|
Definition
- oxidation, hydration, and oxidation again
|
|
|
Term
| Succinate is oxidized into this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The oxidation of succinate to fumarate is catalyzed by this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hydrogen acceptor in the oxidation of succinate to fumarate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Succinat dehydrogenase differs from other enzymes in the CAC how? |
|
Definition
- It is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane making it directly associated with the Electron Transport Chain
|
|
|
Term
| This happens to FADH2 after oxidation of succinate to fumurate |
|
Definition
| it does not dissociate from the enzyme and directly transfers 2 e- to CoQ |
|
|
Term
| formed by hydration of fumarate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalyzes the hydration of fumarate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formed by oxidation of malate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalyzes the oxidation of malate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hydrogen acceptor in oxidation of malate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of ATP generated per NADH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of ATP generated per FADH2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Key catabolic function of CAC |
|
Definition
| production of high energy e- in the form of NADH and FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| The primary control points for the rate of the CAC are |
|
Definition
- isocitrate dehydrogenase
- α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Term
| inhibits isocitrate dehydogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activates isocitrate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits α ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| buildup of citrate d/t inhibition of isocitrate dehydrogenase leads to this |
|
Definition
- citrate transportation to cytoplasm to
- signal phosphofructokinase to halt glycolysis
- act as a source of acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis
|
|
|
Term
| This happens when α-ketoglutarate accumulates d/t inhibition of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
|
Definition
-
used as a precursor for
-
several amino acids
-
the purine bases
|
|
|
Term
| other than generation of ATP the citric acid cycle provides this |
|
Definition
|
|
