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| The process in which a multicellular organism undergoes a series of progressive changes that characterize its life style |
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| 4 Processes of Development |
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Definition
Determination
Differentiation
Morphogenesis
Growth |
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| sets the fate of the cell |
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| the process by which different types of cells arise |
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| The organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells |
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| Increase in body size by cell division and cell expansion |
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| type of cell it will ultimately become, a function of differential gene expression and morphogenesis |
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Definition
| It can give rise to every cell type in the adult body including extraembryonic structures which essentially means it can form another organism all together |
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| the fundamental principle that no information is lost from the nuclei of cells as they pass through the early stages of embryonic development |
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Increase number of valuable animals such as transgenic animals carrying genes with therapeutic properties
Preservation of endangered species
Preservation of pets |
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| Cytoplasmic Segregation (unequal cytokinesis) |
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Definition
| Factors that are unequally distributed in the cytoplasm may end up in some daughter cells but not others |
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| Induction (cell to cell communication) |
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Definition
| A factor secreted by certain cells induces other cells to differentiate. Cells in a developing embryo influence one another's developmental fate via chemical signals and signal transduction mechanisms. |
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| having a top and a bottom |
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an inducer which diffuses from one group of cells to another setting up a concentration gradient.
Must directly affect target cells
Different concentrations of the morphogen results in different effects |
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Definition
| The process that results in the spatial organization of tissues |
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Definition
| transcribed in the cells of the ovary that surround the anterior part of the egg |
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Definition
| determine the properties of larval segments |
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Definition
one type of segmentation gene
organizes broad areas |
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Definition
One type of segmentation genes
divide the embryo into units of two segements each |
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One type of segmentation gene
Determine boundaries and anterior/posterior organization in individual segments |
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expressed in different combinations along the length of the embryo
They determine what each segment will become |
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| A DNA sequence that is common to all of the Hox genes-a 180 bp sequence that encodes a 60 amino acid sequence called the homeodomain |
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Definition
| term used to describe cells that can differentiate into a few types of cells |
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Definition
Embryonic Stem Cells
Cells in the blastocyst embryonic stage retain the ability to form any cell in the body |
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| Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells |
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Definition
Made from skin cells
Allow skin cells to proliferate and then treat them with a vector that has hormones and such that cause the cells to dedifferentiate and become pluripotent which then can be used to make any cell in the body. Better for medical treatment because no adverse reaction. |
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