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| new capital city of Brazil in the country's interior; built by Juscelino Kubitschek |
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| a level of material comfort, which is judged by the amount of goods people have |
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| a movement in Christian theology which understands the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust political, economic, or social conditions; started in a Roman Catholic church in Latin America in the 1950s |
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| A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP |
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| Portuguese for slum; awful cities located in Brazil |
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| Revolutionary group based in Chiapas, the southernmost states of Mexico; takes their name from Emiliano Zapata, the agrarian reformer and commander of the Liberation Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution, and sees itself as his ideological heir |
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| Musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice; concentrates on the life of Argentine political leader Eva Peron, the second wife of Argentinean president Juan Peron; the story follows Evita's early life, acting career, rise to power, charity work, feminist involvement, and death |
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| The southernmost state of Mexico, located towards the southeast of the country |
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| a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states |
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| a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest |
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| an opponent of a government's policies or actions |
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| a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites |
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| Born July 18, 1918; served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 and was the first South African president to be elected in a fully representative democratic election; was an anti-apartheid activist and leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress; arrested in 1962 and convicted of sabotage serving 27 years in prison |
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| Frederik Willem; the seventh and last State President of apartheid-era South Africa; served from September 1989 to May 1994; also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997 |
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| A South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid; in 1984, became the second South African to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize; was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa |
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| the ruling committee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union |
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| Was the seventh and last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union serving from 1985 from 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR; served from 1988 to 1991; only Soviet leader to have been born after the October Revolution of 1917; in 1989, he became the first and only Soviet leader to visit China since the Sino-Soviet split in the 1960s |
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| a Soviet policy of openness to the free flow of ideas and information, introduced in 1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev |
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| a restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision making, begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 |
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| Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdansk Shipyard; the first non-communist party controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country in the 1980s it constituted a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement |
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| Polish politician, trade-union organizer and human-rights activist; co-founded Solidarity, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as the President of Poland from 1990 to 1995 |
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| a bringing together again of things that have been separated, like the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany |
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| Czech playwright, essayist, dissident and politician; the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia and the first President of the Czech Republic; a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism |
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| Romanian politician who was the Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989; President of the council of State from 1967 and President of Romania from 1974 to 1989 |
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| First President of the Russian federation serving from 1991 to 1999; vowed to transform Russia's socialist command economy into a free market economy, endorsed price liberalization and privatization programs |
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| an economic program implemented in Russia by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, involving an abrupt shift from a command economy to a free-market economy |
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| a policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia's Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia |
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| Federal subject of Russia; located in the Southeastern part of Europe, in the Northern Caucasus mountains, in the North Caucasian Federal District |
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| A disputed territory in the Balkans; self-declared independent state |
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| First Premier of the People's Republic of China serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976; an instrumental in the Communist Party's rise to power, and subsequently in the development of the Chinese economy and restructuring of Chinese society |
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| Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat; leader of the Communist Party of China, became reformer who led China towards a market economy |
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| a set of goals adopted by the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th century, involving progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology |
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| Large plaza near the center of Beijing, China named after the Tiananmen which sits to its north, separating it from the Forbidden City; in 1989 a gathering of pro-democracy protestors ended when hundreds of them were killed by government troops in the streets leading from the square |
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| One of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China |
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| The "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004 |
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| A space telescope that was carried into orbit by a space shuttle in April 1990; named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble; one of the largest and most versatile; collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency; one of NASA's Great Observatories |
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| British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989; on December 25, 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet |
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| the transferring of genes from one living thin gto another in order to produce an organism with new traits |
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| a 20th-century attempt to increase food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the development of disease-resistant crops |
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| The collection of objects in orbit around Earth that were created by humans but no longer serve any useful purpose; these objects consist of everything from spent rocket stages and defunct satellites to explosion and collision fragments |
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| An international scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint |
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| a nation with all the facilities needed for the advanced production of manufactured goods |
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| A nation with a low level of material well-being |
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| the financial interactions - involving peole, businesses, and governments - that cross international boundries |
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| multinational corporation |
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| A corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country |
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| A system of trade policy that allows traders to act and or transact without interference from government; according to the law of comparative advantage the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade of goods and services |
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| Designed by its founders to supervise and liberalize international trade; the organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement; replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade which commenced in 1948 |
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| The final conflict which was initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces form Kuwait after its invasion and annexation on August 2, 1990 |
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| A pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement; an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S., creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America; the agreement came into force on January 1, 1994 |
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| Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty |
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| NPT; a treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons; came into force on March 5, 1970, with 189 states party to the treaty |
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| a growth or spread - especially the spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not currently have them |
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| a movement in American Protestantism that arose in the early part of the 20th century in reaction to modernism and that stresses the infallibility of the Bible not only in matters of faith and morals but also as a literal historical record, holding as essential to Christian faith belief in such doctrines as the creation of the world, the virgin birth, physical resurrection, atonement by the sacrificial death of Christ, and the Second Coming |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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| UDHR; a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris; most widely translated document in the world; represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are entitled |
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| A worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980; accompanied by much civil unrest and popular rebellion |
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| Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe held in Helsinki, Finland during July and August 1975; 35 states signed the declaration in an attempt to improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West |
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| AI; an international non-governmental organization; "to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated"; founded in London in 1961 |
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| that certain things pull some people to live somewhere, while other factors cause people to leave or not go to a place |
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| The totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that are deemed preferred per an informal consensus within the mainstream of a given culture, especially Western culture of the early to mid 20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century |
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| A process of mutual adaption between persons or groups, usually achieved by eliminating or reducing hostility, as by compromise or arbitration |
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