Term
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Definition
Differentiation of reproductive and CNS in fetus
Stimulation of growth and development
Coordination of the male and female reproductive system
Maintenance of internal environment
Adaptation to emergency demands of body |
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Definition
Operate within feedback systems
Affect only target cells with appropriate receptors
The liver inactivates hormones, rendering the hormones more water soluble for renal excretion |
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| first messengers) bind to receptors on the target cell membrane, triggering second messengers to affect the cell’s activities |
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Definition
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| bind to receptors within the target cell nucleus and influence cell activity by acting on DNA |
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Definition
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| accelerates water reabsorption from urine in the kidney tubules into the blood, thereby decreasing urine secretion. Controls plasma osmolality |
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Definition
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| stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract; may initiate labor; milk ejection in lactating wome |
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Definition
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| stimulates growth of the thyroid gland; also stimulates it to secrete thyroid hormone |
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Definition
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| stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and stimulates it to secrete glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) |
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Definition
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| initiates growth of ovarian follicles each month in the ovary and stimulates one or more follicles to develop to the stage of maturity and ovulation; FSH also stimulates estrogen secretion by developing follicles; stimulates sperm production in the male |
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Definition
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| acts with FSH to stimulate estrogen secretion and follicle growth to maturity; causes ovulation; causes luteinization of the ruptured follicle and stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum; causes interstitial cells in the testes to secrete testosterone in the male |
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Definition
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| stimulates growth by accelerating protein anabolism; also accelerates fat catabolism and slows glucose catabolism; by slowing glucose catabolism, tends to increase blood glucose to higher than normal level (hyperglycemia) |
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Definition
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| stimulates breast development during pregnancy and secretion of milk after the delivery of the baby |
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Definition
| Prolactin, or lactogenic hormone |
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Term
| accelerate catabolism (increase the body’s metabolic rate) |
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Definition
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Term
| decreases the blood calcium concentration by inhibiting breakdown of bone, which would release calcium into the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands |
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Definition
Affect growth and maturation of tissues, cell metabolism, heat production, and oxygen consumption
90% T4 and 10% T3
Bound to thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, or albumin |
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Term
| increases blood calcium concentration by increasing the breakdown of bone with the release of calcium into the blood |
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Definition
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| increases the blood glucose level by accelerating liver glycogenolysis (conversion of glycogen to glucose) |
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Definition
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| decreases the blood glucose by accelerating the movement of glucose out of the blood into cells, which increases glucose metabolism by cells |
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Definition
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Term
Insulin synthesized from
Secretion promoted by |
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Definition
Proinsulin
Secretion is promoted by increased blood gucose level |
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Term
| Synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin |
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Definition
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Term
Glucagon secretion promoted by
Glucagon stimulates |
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Definition
decreased blood glucose levels
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis |
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Term
| Possible involvement in regulating alpha- and beta-cell secretions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
80% of an adrenal gland’s total weight
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis |
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Term
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Definition
| Innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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Term
| Names of hormones (corticoids) |
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Definition
Glucocorticoids (GCs)
Mineralocorticoids (MCs)
Sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| chiefly cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Definition
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Definition
| small amounts of male hormones (androgens) secreted by adrenal cortex of both sexes |
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Term
| increase blood sodium and decrease body potassium concentrations by accelerating kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium |
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Definition
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Term
| Three cell layers (zones) - Secretion |
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Definition
Outer layer, secretes mineralocorticoids
Middle layer, secretes glucocorticoids
Inner layer, secretes sex hormones |
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Term
Direct effects on carbohydrate metabolism
Anti-inflammatory and growth-suppressing effects
Influence awareness and sleep habits
Most potent naturally occurring glucocorticoid is cortisol |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal cortex stimuated by |
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
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| plays an important role in the development and function of the body’s immune system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chorionic PLACENTA gonadotropins, estrogens, and progesterone |
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Term
| maintain the corpus luteum during pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
| Tests of Endocrine Function |
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Definition
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Bioassay |
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Term
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Definition
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal gland
Thymus
Local hormones |
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Term
| Hormone Release Controlled by |
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Definition
| Negative feedback mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
Blood tests
Check serum hormone levels
Radioimmunoassay
Immunochemical methods
Urine tests
Stimulation or suppression tests
Scans, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Biopsy |
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Term
basic problem is inadequate insulin effects in receptor tissues
Deficit of insulin secretion
Production of insulin antagonists |
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Definition
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Term
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
Insulin replacement required
Acute onset in children and adolescents
Not linked to obesity
Genetic factors may play a role. |
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Definition
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Term
Non–insulin-dependent
Oral hypoglycemic medications may be used.
Caused by decreased production of insulin and/or increased resistance by body cells to insulin
Onset is slow and insidious and usually in 50+ age
Associated with obesity
Component of metabolic syndrome
Increasing incidence in teens and young adults |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood glucose levels rise |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Diabetes Diagnostic Tests |
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Definition
Fasting blood glucose level
Glucose tolerance test
Glycosylated hemoglobin test |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces blood glucose as skeletal muscle uses glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase insulin secretion
Reduce blood glucose levels |
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