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Chapter 1
Scope and History of Microbiology
49
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why should we study microbiology?
Definition
1. Microorganisms are apart of the human environment and are therefore important to human health
2. It provides insight into life processes in all life-forms
3.
Term
How are microorganisms useful in research?
Definition
1. Easy to study
2. Large numbers can be easily used so that reliable results can occur
3. Quick generation time allows easy study of genetics
Term
Microbiology
Definition
The study of microbes, organisms so small that a microscope is needed to study them.
Term
What organisms are studied in microbiology?
Definition
Bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses, protozoa
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Single-celled organisms with spherical, rod, or spiral shapes. No cell nucleus, or membrane enclosed structures
Term
Algae
Definition
Single-celled organisms, but some marine algae are large, relatively complex, multicellular organisms.
Have clearly defined nucleus and membrane enclosed structures.
Term
Fungi
Definition
Ex: yeasts, molds, mushrooms etc..
Single-celled microscopic organisms. Cell nucleus and intracellular structures.
Important in antibiotics, or agents of disease
Term
Viruses
Definition
Acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. Composed of nucleic acid and protein
Display properties of life only within a host
Term
Viroids
Definition
Nucleic acid without a protein coating
Smaller than a virus, acellular agents of disease
Have been shown to cause plant diseases
Term
Prions
Definition
Protein without any nucleic acid
Cause mad cow and related disorders
Term
Protozoa
Definition
Single-celled microscopic organisms with at least 1 nucleus and numerous intracellular structures
Many are phagocytic, most can move. Those that cause human disease can not move.
Found in malaria carrying mosquitoes
Term
Phycology
Definition
Study of algae
Term
Mycology
Definition
Study of fungi
Term
Microbial metabolism
Definition
Chemical reactions that occur in microbes
Term
Microbial genetics
Definition
Transmission and action of genetic info in microorganisms
Term
Microbial ecology
Definition
Relationship of microbes with each other and with the environment
Term
Immunology
Definition
How host organisms defend themselves against microbial infection
Term
Etiology
Definition
Cause of disease
Term
How did Mosaic law contribute to medical practices?
Definition
They talk about burying solid waste as well as isolation of the lepers
Term
What did Hippocrates contribute to microbiology?
Definition
He associated certain signs and symptoms with certain illnesses and saw they could be transmitted from person to person. He also set forth ethical standards for the practice of medicine
Term
Thucydides
Definition
Observed those who had recovered from the plague could take care of plague victims without getting sick
Term
Varro
Definition
proposed that tiny invisible animals enter the body and caused disease
Term
Lucretius
Definition
cited seeds of disease
Term
Robert Hooke
Definition
English scientists who built first compound microscope in 1665 and used it to observe thin slices of cork.
Coined the term "cell"
Term
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Definition
Dutch cloth merchant and lens maker, made lenses and observed many microorganisms. He called them animalcules.
1670's-1723 when he died
Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition
Developed classification system for all living organisms
Term
Schleiden and Schwann
Definition
Formualted the cell theory: Cells are the fundamental unit of life and carry out all the basic functions of living things
Term
Germ Theory of Disease
Definition
Microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease. Not widely accepted at first
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
Microorganisms arise from nonliving things
Term
Francesco Redi
Definition
Experiment that pieces of meat were covered with gauze so that flies could not reach them, no worms would appear in the mean, no matter how rotten.
His proof was not accepted
Term
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Definition
Italian cleric and scientist, boiled broth infusions containing living matter and covered flasks to demonstrate that no organisms would develop spontaneously
Term
Louis Paster
Definition
Finally defeated the notion of spontaneous generation in his experiment of boiling broth in s shape flasks
Developed many vaccines
Term
John Tyndall
Definition
English physicist who contributed to disproving of spontaneous generation. Arranged sealed flasks of boiled broth in an airtight box
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. The specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease
2. The disease organism must be isolated in pure culture
3. Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease
4. The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal
Term
What is the main contribution of Robert Koch?
Definition
One organism-one disease concept
Term
Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis of Austria
Definition
Recognized a connection between autopsies and puerperal (childbed) fever. Encouraged better sanitation such as washing hands before surgeries but was laughed at. Ironically he died in a hospital due to the same organism that caused puerperal fever.
Term
Joseph Lister of England
Definition
Worked to improve sanitation, initiated use of dilute carboxylic acid on bandages and instruments to reduce infection. He was ridiculed as well.
Developed "aseptic technique"
Father of Antiseptic surgery
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
Realized that milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. First to ever receive grants for creating smallpox vaccine
Term
Elie Metchnikoff
Definition
Pioneer in immunology
Discovered and coined "phagocytic" cells
Term
Wendell Stanley
Definition
Crystalized TMV showing that an agent with properties of a living organism also behaved as a chemical substance.
Term
Hershey and Chase
Definition
Demonstrated that genetic material of some viruses is DNA
Term
Paul Ehrlich
Definition
First serious researcher in the field of chemotherapy
Term
Alexander Fleming
Definition
1928 observed that a colony of penicillum mold contaminating a culture of Staphylococcus bacteria had prevented growth of bacteria adjacent to itself
Term
Frederick Griffith
Definition
Discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their own nature and become capable of causing disease.
Term
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod
Definition
Change is produced by DNA
Term
Tatum and beadle
Definition
Used mold neurospora to demonstrate how genetic info controls metabolism
Term
Barbara McClintock
Definition
Discovered that some genes can move from one location to another
Term
Golden Age of Microbiology
Definition
1874-1917
Term
Bacteriophages
Definition
Viruses that attack and kill certain kinds of bacteria
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