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Chapter 18
Paramedic: Neurologic Emergencies
138
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Not Applicable
03/29/2016

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Term
What refers to the total number of people in a given population with a particular disease?
Definition
Prevalence 1038
Term
What refers to the number of people newly diagnosed with a particular disorder in a given 1-year period?
Definition
Incidence 1038
Term
What are the two major structures of the nervous system divided into?
Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 1038
Term
What is responsible for thought, perception, feelings, and autonomic body functions?
Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS) 1038
Term
What is reponsible for transmitting commands from the brain to the body and receiving feedback from the body?
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)1038
Term
What leaves the brain through the peripheral nervous system and convey commands to other parts of the body?
Definition
Efferent Nerves 1040
Term
What are nerves the send information to the brain?
Definition
Afferent Nerves 1040
Term
What part of the brain is used to filter out unneeded information before it reaches the cerebral cortex?
Definition
Diecephalon 1040
Term
What is part of the brain that lies between the brainstem and the cerebrum and includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Definition
Diecephalon 1040
Term
What portion of the brainstem is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness (LOC), including patterns of sleep and wakefulness?
Definition
Midbrain 1040
Term
What part of the midbrain is located just inferior to the midbrain and controls respiratory pace and depth?
Definition
The Pons 1041
Term
What part of the midbrain controls blood pressure and pulse rate?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata 1041
Term
What two parts of the brain control emotions?
Definition
Limbic System and Hypothalamus 1041
Term
Where is anger and rage generated within the brain?
Definition
Limbic System 1041
Term
Where is pleasure, thirst, and hunger found within the brain?
Definition
Hypothalamus 1041
Term
What lobe of the brain, is located in the posterior, inferior area of the skull, and manages complex motor activiy unconsciously?
Definition
Cerebellum 1041
Term
What are gaps between nerve cells, across which nervous stimuli are transmitted?
Definition
Synapses 1042
Term
What is an insulating substance that allows the cell to transmit its signal consistently, without shorting out or losing electrictiy to surrounding fluids and tissues?
Definition
Myelin 1042
Term
What is tightly clenched teeth?
Definition
Trismus 1044
Term
What is the medical term for dropping, sagging, or prolapse of a part of the body?
Definition
Ptosis 1048
Term
What is a state in which a person does not respond to verbal or painful stimuli?
Definition
Coma 1048
Term
What mnemonic helps you make a broad assessment of the patient's LOC?
Definition
AVPU 1048
Term
What is part of the frontal bone and feels like a notch near the bridge of the nose?
Definition
Supraorbital Foramen 1049
Term
What is it when patients contract their arms and curl them toward their chest?
Definition
Decorticate Posturing 1050
Term
What posture will the patients point their toes but extend their arms outward and rotate the lower arms in a palms-down manner called pronation?
Definition
Decerebrate Posturing 150
Term
What are sensory stimulations that cannot be verified by others?
Definition
Hallucinations 1052
Term
What are thoughts, ideas, or percerceived abilities that have no basis in common reality?
Definition
Delusions 1052
Term
What are unequal pupils?
Definition
Anisocoria 1053
Term
What is the inability to connect an object with its correct name?
Definition
Agnosia 1053
Term
What is the inability to connect an object with its proper use?
Definition
Apraxia 1053
Term
What is a person that is unable to understand (receive) speech, but is able to speak clearly?
Definition
Receptive Aphasia 1053
Term
What is a person that is unable to speak (express him or herself) clearly, but is able to understand speech?
Definition
Expressive Aphasia 1054
Term
What is characterized by features of both expressive and receptive aphasia?
Definition
Global Aphasia 1054
Term
What is weakness of one side of the body?
Definition
Hemiparesis 1054
Term
What is paralysis of one side of the body?
Definition
Hemiplegia 1054
Term
What is the crossing of nerves as they leave the cerebral cortex, move through te brainstem, and arrive at the spinal cord?
Definition
Decussation 1054
Term
What is walking patterns?
Definition
Gait 1055
Term
What is the term used to describe alteration of a person's ability to perfrom coordinated motions such as walking?
Definition
Ataxia 1055
Term
What is a type of rapid, jerky muscle contraction that occur involuntarily?
Definition
Myoclonus 1055
Term
What are contractions of the body into bizarre positions?
Definition
Dystonia 1055
Term
What is stiffness of motion?
Definition
Rigidity 1055
Term
What is a fine, oscillating (back and forth) movement usually occurs in the heand and head?
Definition
Tremors 1055
Term
What tremor occurs with the patient at rest and not moving?
Definition
Rest Tremor 1055
Term
What tremor occurs when the patient is asked to reach out and grab an object?
Definition
Intention Tremor 1055
Term
What tremor occurs when a body part is placed in a particular position and required to maintain that position for a long period of time?
Definition
Postural Tremor 1055
Term
What is a rigid, contracted body posture?
Definition
Tonic Activity 1056
Term
What is characterized by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscle groups?
Definition
Clonic Activity 1056
Term
What is a sensation of numbness or tingling?
Definition
Paresthesia 1056
Term
What is it when the patient can feel nothing within a body part?
Definition
Anesthesia 1056
Term
What is the movement of a structure from its normal location into another space?
Definition
Herniation 1060
Term
What are episodes of cerebral ischemia without any permanent damage?
Definition
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) 1064
Term
What is a sensation where the patient experiences before the seizure occurs?
Definition
Aura 1067
Term
What is the reset period of the brain?
Definition
Postictal 1067
Term
What is the term where a seizure begins in one spot and moves wave-like to other locations?
Definition
Jacksonian March 1068
Term
What can be defined as a seizure that lasts longer than 4 to 5 minutes or consecutive seizures without a return to consciousness between seizures?
Definition
Status Epilepticus 1069
Term
What is the sudden and temporary loss of consciousness with accompanying loss of postural tone?
Definition
Syncope 1069
Term
What are the signs and symptoms that precede a disease or condition?
Definition
Prodrome 1069
Term
What is the chronic deterioration of memory, personality, language skills, perception, reasoning, or judgemnt, with no loss of consciousness?
Definition
Dementia 1071
Term
What is the most common form of dementia and is a progressive organic condition in which neurons die?
Definition
Alzheimer Disease 1071
Term
What is the medical term for growths within the body that serve no useful purpose and are caused by errors that occur during cellular reproduction?
Definition
Neoplasm 1071
Term
What is an autoimmune condition in which the body attacks the myelin of the brain and spinal cord?
Definition
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 1073
Term
What is an involuntary, rhythmic eye movement?
Definition
Nystagmus 1073
Term
What is an electrical sensation down the spine or extremities when the head is flexed forward?
Definition
Lhermitte Sign 1073
Term
What is a disease in which the immune system attacks portions of the nervous system?
Definition
Guillain-Barre Syndrome 1074
Term
What is exchanging the plasma within the blood?
Definition
Plasmapheresis 1074
Term
What is the slowing down of routine motions?
Definition
Bradykinesia 1075
Term
What is a group of conditions in which the nerves leaving the spinal cord are damaged?
Definition
Peripheral Neuropathy 1079
Term
What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States?
Definition
Stroke 1038
Term
What part of the midbrain is the reason you get tired often at the same time of the day?
Definition
Reticular Activating System (RAS) 1041
Term
What part of the brain is also responsible for controlling blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate and pattern?
Definition
Brainstem 1041
Term
What is the fundamental element of the nervous system?
Definition
Neuron 1042
Term
What does the synapse connect to the next cell by?
Definition
Neurotransmitters 1042
Term
What part of the brain controls vision and storage of visual memories?
Definition
Occipital Lobe 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls sense of touch and texture and storage of tactile memories?
Definition
Parietal Lobe 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls hearing, smell, language, and storage of sound and odor memories?
Definition
Temporal Lobe 1043
Term
What part of the brain is responsible for voluntary muscle control and storage of spatial memories?
Definition
Frontal Lobe 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls judgement and prediction of consequences of a person's actions and abstract intellectual functions?
Definition
Prefrontal Lobe 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls basic emotions and basic reflexes, such as chewing and swallowing?
Definition
Limbic System 1043
Term
What part of the brain is the relay center that prioritizes signals to hone in on important messages?
Definition
Diencephalon (thalamus) 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls emotions, temperature control, and interfaces with the endocrine system?
Definition
Diencephalon (hypothalamus) 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls LOC, reticular activating system, muscle tone and posture?
Definition
Midbrain 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls respiratory pattern and depth?
Definition
Pons 1043
Term
What part of the brain controls pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate?
Definition
Medulla Oblongata 1043
Term
What makes up the brainstem?
Definition
Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata 1043
Term
What is in control of reflexes and the relay of information to and from the body?
Definition
Spinal Cord 1043
Term
What gives you an overview of the patient and his or her current state?
Definition
General Impression 1044
Term
What are the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves responsible for?
Definition
Airway Control 1044
Term
What is a classic sound that is created if a partial obstruction of the upper airway is present?
Definition
Stridor 1044
Term
What is a high-pitched sound, usually heard during inspiration?
Definition
Stridor 1044
Term
What is caused by a decreased pulse rate, decreased respiratory rate, and widened pulse pressure (systolic hypertension)?
Definition
Cushings Reflex 1045
Term
What is sensory stimulation that can be confirmed by others?
Definition
Common Reality 1052
Term
What is breaking with common reality and existing mainly within an internal world?
Definition
Psychosis 1052
Term
Fear, anger, and helplessness are common emotions of what state?
Definition
Psychosis 1052
Term
What can be a cause of anger, fustration, or aggression?
Definition
Low Glucose or Oxygen Level 1052
Term
How should you approach the eyes to limit the corneal reflex?
Definition
45 Degree Angle 1052
Term
What is a condition in which the body generates antibodies against its own acetylcholine receptors, causing muscle weakness, often in the face?
Definition
Myasthenia Gravis 1053
Term
What indicates that there is some degree of misfiring of neurons between the occipital lobe and temporal lobe?
Definition
Agnosia 1053
Term
What indicates that there is some degree of misfiring of neurons between the temporal lobe and frontal lobe?
Definition
Apraxia 1053
Term
What part of the brain do receptive aphasia indicate is damaged?
Definition
Temporal Lobe 1053
Term
What part of the brain is damaged with expressive aphasia?
Definition
Frontal Lobe 1054
Term
What is the fuel that runs the brain?
Definition
Glucose 1056
Term
What the 2 basic types of strokes?
Definition
Ischemic (75%) and Hemorrhagic (25%) 1059
Term
What kind of stroke is caused by an occlusion or blockage?
Definition
Ischemic Strokes 1059
Term
What is one of the hallmarks of a hemorrhagic stroke?
Definition
Worst Headache of my Life 1060
Term
What is the pressure of blood within the cranial vault?
Definition
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) 1060
Term
How many people will have a stroke soon after they have a TIA?
Definition
More than 1/3 1065
Term
What is the number one preventable cause of strokes and TIA's?
Definition
Hypertension 1065
Term
What is uremia?
Definition
Kidney Failure 1066
Term
What is the sudden, erratic firing of neurons?
Definition
Seizure 1067
Term
What is the reset period of the brain?
Definition
Postictal 1067
Term
How many patients in status epilepticus will die?
Definition
Nearly 20% 1069
Term
What type of headaches are caused by changes in the size of blood vessels at the base of the brain?
Definition
Migranes 1070
Term
What are a rare vascular headache that begins in the face as a minor pain around one eye?
Definition
Cluster Headaches 1070
Term
What are caused by inflammation or infection within the sinus cavities of the face?
Definition
Sinus Headaches 1070
Term
What presents with dementia and is caused by a vitamin B1 deficiency?
Definition
Wernicke Encephalopathy 1071
Term
What is a sudden state of confusion or disorietation?
Definition
Delirium 1071
Term
What is the hallmark sign of dementia?
Definition
Confusion 1071
Term
What is the process by which cancerous cells move to sites distant from their site of origin?
Definition
Metastasis 1072
Term
What is a disease that strikes the voluntary motor neurons?
Definition
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig Disease 1075
Term
What is a neurologic condition in which past injuries to the brain can have an influence?
Definition
Parkinson Disease 1075
Term
What portion of the brain that produces dopamine has been found to be damaged in patients with Parkinson disease?
Definition
Substantia Nigra 1075
Term
What are severe, abnormal muscle spasms that cause bizarre contortions, repetitive motions, or postures?
Definition
Dystonias 1077
Term
What is inflammation of the brain?
Definition
Encephalitis 1077
Term
What is the inflammation of the meninge, the outer covering of the central nervous system?
Definition
Meningitis 1077
Term
What is the most common form of encephalitis and meningitis when it presents in the acute phase?
Definition
Infectious Pathology 1077
Term
What is the most common sign of infectious disease?
Definition
Fever 1077
Term
What are proteins that are released by gram-negative bacteria when they die?
Definition
Endotoxins 1078
Term
What are proteins that are secreted by some bacteria or fungi to aid in the death and digestion of other cells?
Definition
Exotoxins 1078
Term
What are caused by an infectious agent within the brain or spinal cord?
Definition
Abscesses 1079
Term
What is a viral infection transmitted by the fecal-oral route?
Definition
Poliomyelitis 1079
Term
What is the death of nerve fibers as a late consequence of polio; the syndrome is characterized by swallowing difficulties, weakness, fatigue, and breathing problems?
Definition
Postpolio Syndrome 1079
Term
What is water on the head?
Definition
Hydrocepalus 1080
Term
What is a downward deviation of the eyes?
Definition
Sun-setting Eyes 1080
Term
What tube drains CSF out of the skull and typically into the abdomen?
Definition
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt 1080
Term
What is a developmental anomaly in which a portion of the spinal cord or meninges protrudes outside the spinal column or even outside the body, usually in the area of the lumbar spine?
Definition
Spina Bifida 1080
Term
What is a developmental condition in which damage is done to the brain, often the frontal lobe?
Definition
Cerebral Palsy (CP) 1081
Term
What frees the cerebral cortex for higher activities?
Definition
Brainstem 1041
Term
What is the portion of the axon where the neurotransmitters are manufactured?
Definition
Axon Terminal 1042
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