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| are those forces causing movement |
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| What happens when standing in the anatomical position? |
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1. standing in upright position
2. eyes facing forward
3. feet parallel and (shoulder width apart) close together
4. arms at side with palms facing forward |
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| what position are you when palms are facing the sides of the body |
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closer to the surface
skin
s |
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further from the surface
muscles |
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| a straight line from one location to another |
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| object moves the same distance at the same time and in a straight line |
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| object moves the same distance at the same time and in a curved path |
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| movement of an object about a fixed point |
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| joint motion- occurs around joint axes and through joint planes |
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| continuation of extension beyond the anatomical postion |
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| moving away from midline of body |
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| moving toward the midline of the body |
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| making a full circle with a joint |
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| in the shoulder-bringing arm back to body |
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| in the shoulder - pulling arm away from body |
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| hand moving medially towards ulna |
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| hand moves laterally towards the radius |
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| bending trunk to each side |
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| touching thum to tips of fingers |
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| list 5 functions of the skeleton |
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Definition
1. gives support and shape
2. protects vital organs
3. assists with movement
4. manufactures blood cells
5. storage of calcium and minerals |
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| list 2 types of skeletons |
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| the axial skeleton consist of |
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| the appendicular skeleton consist of |
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| fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular |
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is the end of the diaphysis
adults -hard
kids - soft |
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| another name for epiphyseal plate |
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| main shaft of the bone made up of mostly compact bone |
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found on the diaphysis
hollow
contains marrow and provides passage for nutrients |
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lines the medullary canal and contains osteoclasts
responsible for bone resorption |
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the flared part of each end of the diaphysis
made of cancellous bone
supports the epiphysis |
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the outer layer of the diaphysis
nerves and blood vessels are contained
provides surface for tendons and ligaments to attach to |
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"floaters"
protects from excessive wear
provides a groove for the tendons to pass between and therefore decrease weightbearing |
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| joint which have a thin layer of periosteum between 2 bones |
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synarthrosis
syndesmosis or ligamentous joint
gomphoris |
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| amphiarthrosis or "cartilaginous joint" |
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allows a small amount of motion and provide a great deal of stability
ex:pubic symphasis |
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| Diathrosis (synovial joint) |
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Definition
gets the most motion
contains a fluid filled joint cavity between bony partners
ex: hip, elbow,knee |
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fluid found inside the joint
helps with decreasing the friction and acts like a shock absorber |
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| joint is enclosed by this |
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the inner layer
secretes the synovial fluid |
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| has an intra-articular disc or menisci |
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| deepens the joint and thicken the attachment of the capsule |
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cushion and protect the knee
reduces the synovial fluid necessary for proper joint function |
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Definition
no axis
surface glides over one another instead of moving around the other
ex: intercarpals |
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one axis
hinge and pivot joint
ex: elbow |
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two axis
condyloid and saddle
ex: wrist |
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ball and socket
3 axis
ball and socket allows alot of motion
ex: shoulder and hip
ex:shoulder |
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connects bone to bone
have a little give |
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| hyaline(articular cartilage) |
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Definition
covers ends of opposing bones
no blood supply or nerve supply-gets nutrients from synovial fluid
if damaged wont repair itself |
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shock absorber
ex: intervertebral disc, menisci found in knee
porr vascularized- doesnt produce pain |
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allows certain amount of motion
ex: external ear, pubis symphysis |
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| broad, flat tendinous sheath |
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padlike sac located in area of excessive friction
helps decrease friction |
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| divides body into equal right and left halves |
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| divides body into right and left halves |
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| divides body into front and back halves |
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| divides body into upper and lower halves |
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| number of independent movements allowed at a joint |
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assessment of the quality of the feel when slight pressure is applied at the end of the joint
ex: PROM |
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abrupt limit to joint motion
(bone contacting bone)
ex: elbow extension |
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| soft tissue stretch (firm end feel) |
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Definition
has a slight give when joint is taken to teh end range
ex: knee extension |
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| soft tissue approximation (soft end feel) |
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Definition
when muscle bulk is compressed
ex: elbow flexion |
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mechanical limitation of joint ROM
motion limited by pain |
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| ex: scapula, ribs, or hip |
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junction between bones that is held with connective tissue
little to no movement occurs here
ex:suture lines |
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| syndesmosis or ligamentous joint |
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Definition
ligaments and interosseous membrane hold joints together and small amount of twisting or stretching occur with these joints
ex: distal tibiofibular and radioulnar |
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| not under voluntary control and occurs only in response to an external force |
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| roll, glide or slide, spin |
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Definition
| 3 types of arthrokinematic motion |
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Definition
rolling of one joint surface on another
new points on each surface come into contact during motion |
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| linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of adjoining joint surface |
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| rotation of the moveable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface |
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| the law that determines motion |
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| convex on concave movement |
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Definition
surface rolls and slides in opposite directions
it diverse weight in a joint |
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| concave on convex movement |
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Definition
concave surface rolls and slides in similar direction
allows more surface area |
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| force that causes the joint surfaces to be pulled apart |
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| force that causes joint surfaces to be pushed together |
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force that causes a glide motion at the joint
occurs parallel to the surface |
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| where the muscle starts at an is usually above the insertion |
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| is where it ends and is usually below the origin |
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| origin and insertion of a muscle |
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Definition
| determines what direction the motion is going to occur in a muscle |
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| muscle fibers are arranged within the muscle in a direction that is either |
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| are long fibers that have a greater ROM potential |
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have short fibers and are more numerous
has greater strength potential |
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long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle
example of a parallel muscle shape |
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Definition
fibers running parallel to each other and have a central tendon
example of a parallel muscle shape |
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Definition
one sided feather shape
example of an oblique muscle shape |
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Definition
feather shaped
example of oblique muscle |
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many tendons with oblique fibers
example of oblique muscle |
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| force built up within the muscle necessary for a muscle to contract and re-coil (shorten and relax) |
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| slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times |
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distance from maximum elongation to maximum shortening therefore 1 joint can allow the joint to move through full ROM but not 2 joint
ex making fist while wrist is bent |
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| actively contracting a muscle |
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Definition
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a muscle contracts without joint motion
pushing hands together and flexing your pecs |
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muscle contracts and the muscle length changes and joint motion occurs resistance remains constant
lifting weights |
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muscle contracts and the origin and insertion move closer together
lifting |
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muscle contracts but the origin and insertion move father apart
wall sits |
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| cybex or orthotron machine |
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| muscle or muscles which cause the motion or the prime mover |
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| muscle which is performing the opposite motion of the agonist |
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| when the agonist and antagonist contract together |
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muscle or muscle group that supports or makes firm
abs support trunk during pushups |
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the distal segment of muscle is fixed and the proximal segment moves
ex: squats |
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| distal segment of muscle is free to move and the proximal segment is stationary |
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| the light band fibers of the muscle |
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| dark band fibers of the muscle |
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| the actin overlap the myosin they interact through |
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Definition
| is the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains the smooth muscle |
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Term
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
| the autonomic nervous system is broken down to two systems |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
responsible for dealing with stress and stimulation
prepares body for fight or flight |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
controls homeostasis of life maintains
under normal,quiet conditions
at rest |
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| nerve cell consist of cell body and the processes |
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| fibers that receive impulses from other parts of the nervous system and carry them toward the cell body |
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| fibers that carries impulses away from the nerve cell |
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| generates motor impulses to various muscle groups |
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| sensory (afferent) neuron |
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Definition
| receives sensory information from throughout the body towards the CNS or receives info from muscles and sends info to the brain |
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Definition
| the brain stem is responsible for |
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| controls muscle coordination, tone and posture |
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Term
foramen magnum
conus medullaris |
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Definition
| the spinal cord starts at _______and ends _________ |
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Definition
| makes up the nerve roots for L2-S5 |
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| nerve responsible of sensation around the head, face, and oral cavity |
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| nerve responsible for facial expression |
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| nerve responsible for the posterior one-third of tongue and for gag reflex |
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Definition
| nerve responsible for the heart, vocal cords, lungs and GI tract |
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| CN XI spinal "accessory nerve" |
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Definition
| nerve responsible for the trapezius and SCM muscle |
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Definition
| the anterior rami of the spinal nerves that join together and/or branch out forming a network |
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Definition
have both magnitude and direction
ex: pushing a wheel chair |
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Definition
| vector that describes speed and is measured in feet per second |
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Definition
| the amount of matter that a body contains |
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| newtons first law of motion |
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Definition
| object remains at rest or continues to move til we change it |
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| newtons second law of motion |
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Definition
force needed to overcome the inertia of an object and cause the object to move stop or change direction
ex: kicking a ball |
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| newtons third law of motion |
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Definition
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
ex; jumping on a trampoline |
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Definition
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Definition
| rotary equivalent of a force - the ability of force to produce rotation about an axis |
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Definition
| torque arm is the perpendicular distance for the axis of rotation |
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Term
90 degrees
increase
decrease |
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Definition
| torque is greater when the angle of pull is___________and decrease as the angle of pull _________or ____________ |
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Definition
| balance point of an object at which weight on all sides is equal |
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Definition
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| fixed point about which the lever rotates |
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Definition
| the distance between the force and the axis or fulcrum |
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Definition
| the distance between the resistance and the axis or fulcrum |
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Definition
class lever that the axis is located between the force and resistance
ex: seesaw
designed for balance |
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Definition
class lever that the axis is at one end resistance in the middle and force at the other end
designed for power
ex: wheel barrow |
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Definition
class lever where the axis is at one end with the force in the middle and resistance at the opposite end
designed for ROM |
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| ratio between the force arm and the resistance arm |
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