Term
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Definition
| the process of converting information that is archived in DNA into molecules that actually do things in the cell |
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Term
| 3 ways a bacterial cell can avoid producing proteins that are not needed at a particular time |
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Definition
1. the cell could avoid making the mRNAs for particular enzymes
2. if the mRNA for an enzyme has been made, the cell could prevent the mRNA from being translated into protein
3. many proteins have to be activated by chemical modification; regulate the modification |
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Term
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Definition
| when regulatory proteins affect RNA polymerase's ability to bind to a promoter & initiate transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| when regulatory molecules alter the length of time an mRNA survives, affect translation initiation, or affect elongation |
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Term
| post-translational control |
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Definition
| regulating the chemical modification necessary to activate a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| some genes are transcribed all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| a small molecule that triggers transcription of a specific gene |
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Term
| 2 steps necessary for a researcher to find mutants that are associated with a particular trait |
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Definition
1. generate a large number of individuals with mutations at random locations in their genomes
2. screen the treated individuals for mutants with defects in the process or biochemical pathway in question |
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Term
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Definition
| X-rays, UV light, or chemicals that damage DNA & increase mutation rates |
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Term
| 4 steps for replica plating |
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Definition
1. grow a master plate of mutagenized colonies on complete medium
2. press velvet-covered block against master plate
3. press block against a replica plate that is not a complete medium
4. compare plates |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are abnormal because they produce a product at all times |
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Term
| 2 general ways that transcription can be regulated |
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Definition
1. negative control
2. positive control |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory protein called a repressor binds to DNA & shuts down transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| a regulatory protein called an activator binds to DNA & triggers transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of coordinately regulated bacterial genes that are transcribed together into one mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the group of genes involved in lactose metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| example of an activator protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the coordinated regulation of many genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of separate genes or operons that contain the same regulatory sequences & that are controlled by a single type of regulatory protein |
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