Term
| The size of your heart is relatively the size of your... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is it found within the chest? |
|
Definition
| Immediately behind the sternum, between the lungs within the mediastinum. |
|
|
Term
| What else is located in the mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| The thymus, great vessels, esophagus and trachea. |
|
|
Term
| The heart is tilted to the _____ and rotated where the _____ side is in the back. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the base of the heart point up or down? What about the apex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the typical length of the heart from apex to base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a midsaggital section divide the heart into two equal sections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ forms the superior border. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ ______ of the heart is formed by the right atrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left border of the heart is formed by the ______ _______ and a small portion of the _______ atrium. |
|
Definition
| left ventricle, left atrium. |
|
|
Term
| The ________ ______ is formed mainly by the inferior wall of the right ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many layers does the heart wall contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The inner surfaces of the heart that includes the heart valves. |
|
|
Term
| What tissue is it MAINLY made of? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| What is the squamous epithelial lining of called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the endothelium of the heart continuous with? |
|
Definition
| The tunica interna of the attached great vessels. |
|
|
Term
| What is the inflammation of the endothelium and what is one cause? |
|
Definition
| Endcarditis. Poor oral hygiene. |
|
|
Term
| What is the myocardium? What does it form? |
|
Definition
| The muscular wall of the heart. Forms both the atria and the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| What does the middle layer of the myocardium contain? |
|
Definition
| Concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue as well as blood vessels and nerves. |
|
|
Term
| The ______ _________ contains muscle bundles that wrap around the atria and form ______-______ that encircles the great vessel. |
|
Definition
| atrial myocardium/figure-eight |
|
|
Term
| The ________ ________ muscles wrap around both of the ventricles while deep muscle layers spiral around & between the _________ towards the apex in a figure-eight pattern. |
|
Definition
| superficial ventricular/ventricles |
|
|
Term
| What is the epicardium? What else is it known as? |
|
Definition
| It covers the outer surface of the heart. Visceral Pericardium. |
|
|
Term
| What does the serous membrane of the epicardium consist of? |
|
Definition
| Exposed mesothelium and a layer of areolar connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is the areolar connective tissue of the epicardium connected to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the heart surrounded by? 2 things. |
|
Definition
| Pericardium & Pericardial Cavity. |
|
|
Term
| What is the parietal pericardium? |
|
Definition
| The serous membrane that forms an outer sac. |
|
|
Term
| What is it reinforced by? |
|
Definition
| Dense fibrous layer & inner areolar layer and mesothelium. |
|
|
Term
| Together, what does all 3 tissues create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much fluid does the pericardial cavity contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What permits the changes in the shape of the heart? How? |
|
Definition
| the pericardial cavity. The slippery lining keeps friction from occurring. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity? |
|
Definition
| It can restrict movement of the heart AKA it cannot beat. |
|
|
Term
| What is this condition called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the pericardium called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei do cardiac muscle cells contain? |
|
Definition
| Single, centrally located nucleus. UNI-NUCLEATED. |
|
|
Term
| What is the relative size of a muscle cell? Shape? |
|
Definition
| Relatively small. Columnar shaped. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cardiac muscles have a metabolism? If so, what organelle do they contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cardiac muscle cells have striations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of cardiac muscles are able to generate their own electrical impulse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do cardiac muscles contain intercalated disks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are these disks connected by? |
|
Definition
| Gap junctions and desmosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What do these connections allow? |
|
Definition
| A direct electrical and chemical and mechanical connection so the cardiac muscle cells can act as one, synchronized unit. |
|
|
Term
| What is this coordinated unit called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does a cardiac muscle cell contraction last longer or shorter than skeletal muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is cardiac muscle contraction longer? |
|
Definition
| The calcium channels stay open longer. |
|
|
Term
| What does this result in? |
|
Definition
| A prolonged absolute refractory period. |
|
|
Term
| Does every single cell in a cardiac muscle need its own neuromuscular junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two upper receiving chambers on the R and L side of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An outer expandable extension that both atria contain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the atria separated by? |
|
Definition
| The inner wall called the interatrial septum. |
|
|
Term
| The ____ atrium has a shallow depression called the fossa ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the fossa ovalis mark the location of? |
|
Definition
| A former hole in the interatrial septum called the foramen ovale. |
|
|
Term
| What is the failure of this foramen ovale called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two lower pumping chambers on the R and L sides of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ventricles separated by? |
|
Definition
| The interventricular septum. |
|
|
Term
| The right ventricle is ______ than the left ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it so much thinner? What do we refer to this circuit as? |
|
Definition
| Because the RIGHT ventricle only needs to pump blood to the lungs. The pulmonary circuit. |
|
|
Term
| The left ventricle is _____ times more muscular than the right ventricle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the left ventricle need/produce 4-6x more pressure than the right? What is this circuit called? |
|
Definition
| Because it is pumping blood to the entire body. The systemic circuit. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the 4 chambered heart so efficient? |
|
Definition
| Because oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventricular Septal Defect. |
|
|
Term
| What is the trabeculae carneae? |
|
Definition
| The inner surfaces of the ventricles posses a series of large, irregular, musclar ridges. |
|
|
Term
| What do the valves of the heart ensure? |
|
Definition
| That blood can only flow one direction. |
|
|
Term
| What are the AV valves really called and what do they separate? |
|
Definition
| Atrioventricular valves. Separate each atrium from its corresponding ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| The free edge of each valve consists of two or more flaps called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the chordae tendineae? |
|
Definition
| What the cusps are attached to. They are connective tissue fibers. |
|
|
Term
| The chordae tendinae work with the _______ _______ to prevent inversion of the AV valves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the technical term for backflow of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tricuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| It possesses three cusps and allows the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Prevents backflow of blood during ventricular contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the bicuspid valve? |
|
Definition
| ALSO KNOWN AS THE MITRAL VALVE. Possesses two cusps and allows the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Also prevents backflow. |
|
|
Term
| What do the semilunar valves separate? |
|
Definition
| Separate each ventricle from the vessels that exit them. |
|
|
Term
| what does the pulmonary semilunar valve separate? |
|
Definition
| Separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk and its pulmonary arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What does the aortic semilunar valve separate? |
|
Definition
| Separates the left ventricle from the aorta. |
|
|
Term
| When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendinae are ________ and the papillary muscles are ________ so that the _______ valves are standing open and offer _____ _________to the flow of blood from the atria to the _______. |
|
Definition
| loose, relaxed, AV, no resistance, ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| The ____ _______ in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit keeps the ____ valves closed. |
|
Definition
| high pressure, semilunar. |
|
|
Term
| When the _______ contract, the blood is pushed back towards the atria and closes the ___ valves. During the contraction, the chordinae tendinae tense and prevent ______ of the AV valves. |
|
Definition
| ventricles, AV, inversion. |
|
|
Term
| When the pressure in the _____ is greater than that in the pulmonary and systemic circuits, the ______ valves open and the blood is ejected out of the ventricles and into the corresponding blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step of the pulmonary circuit? |
|
Definition
| Blood flows into the RIGHT atrium through the superior & inferior vena cava and coronary sinus. |
|
|
Term
| After the blood flows into the right atrium, what happens next? |
|
Definition
| The blood passes through the TRICUSPID valve into the right ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| When the right ventricle contracts, where does the blood go? |
|
Definition
| The blood is ejected through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. |
|
|
Term
| What does the pulmonary trunk branch into? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| The left and right pulmonary arteries. They transport DEOXYGENATED blood into the lungs where it picks up oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| Once blood picks up oxygen, where does it go? |
|
Definition
| The oxygenated blood travels in the right and left pulmonary veins to the LEFT atrium and then through the BICUSPID valve into the LEFT ventricle. |
|
|
Term
| Once blood is in the left ventricle, what happens? |
|
Definition
| The left ventricle contracts and blood travels through the aortic semilunar valve through the aortic arch out to the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the coronary circuit? |
|
Definition
| The oxygenated blood that is transported to the walls of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the right coronary artery? Where does it supply blood to? |
|
Definition
| It sits in the coronary sulcus around the heart. The RIGHT atrium, portions of both ventricles and portions of the conducting system of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| What are the right coronary artery's two branches? |
|
Definition
| Marginal Arteries (front edge of heart) and Posterior Interventricular Artery (on back, between ventricles). |
|
|
Term
| What does the left coronary artery supply blood to? |
|
Definition
| The left ventricle, left atrium and interventricular septum. |
|
|
Term
| What are the left coronary artery's two branches? |
|
Definition
| Anterior interventricular artery (front side between the ventricles) and the circumflex artery (circles left around the back). |
|
|
Term
| How does blood return to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the small cardiac vein? |
|
Definition
| It runs parallel to the marginal arteries and right coronary artery. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle cardiac vein? |
|
Definition
| Runs parallel to the posterior interventricular artery |
|
|
Term
| Where is the great cardiac vein? |
|
Definition
| Runs parallel to the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery. |
|
|
Term
| What do all 3 of the veins just listed merge to form? And where does it drain? |
|
Definition
| The coronary sinus. Drains into the right atrium along with the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. |
|
|
Term
| The cardiac cycle represents ___ heart beat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each heart beat is followed by a brief ______ ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does this resting phase allow time for? |
|
Definition
| The chambers to relax and prepare for the next heart beat and for the oxygenated blood to be distributed to the wall of the heart. |
|
|
Term
| The heart is ____ pumps that work in pairs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which contracts first? Two atria or two ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the cardiac cycle begins all four chambers are _____ and the ventricles are partially ______ with blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The AV valves are _____ and the semilunar valves are _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ______ _______, the atria contract ,completely filling the relaxed ventricles with blood. How long does this last? |
|
Definition
| Atrial systole. 100 milliseconds. |
|
|
Term
| As atrial systole ends, _____ _____ begins and continues until the start of the next cardiac cycle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While atrial systole is ending, ______ ______ is also happening. How long does this last? |
|
Definition
| ventricular systole. 270 milliseconds. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first phase of ventricular systole? |
|
Definition
| The ventricles contract and this pushes the AV valves closed. The pressure in the ventricles is still not great enough to open the semilunar valves and this is said to be called PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION. |
|
|
Term
| What is the second phase of ventricular diastole? |
|
Definition
| The pressure inside the ventricles finally becomes great enough to open the semilunar valves and blood is ejected out of the ventricles and into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta. THIS IS KNOWN AS PERIOD OF VENTRICULAR EJECTION. |
|
|
Term
| In EARLY ventricular diastole: When the ventricles relax, the pressure inside them drops and causes the semilunar valves to ______. The pressure inside the ventricles is not yet low enough to open the AV valves. This is called... |
|
Definition
| Close. THE PERIOD OF ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in late ventricular diastole? |
|
Definition
| All chambers are relaxed again. The AV valves have now opensed and the ventricles are passively filling with blood flowing through the atria to about 70% of their volume. |
|
|
Term
| How long between two cardiac cycles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four heart sounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ausculate mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do we listen to heart sounds with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first heart sound (S1) sounds like ______ and corresponds with the... |
|
Definition
| LUBB. closing of the AV valves during ventricular contraction. |
|
|
Term
| The second heart sound (S2) sounds like ______ and corresponds with the... |
|
Definition
| DUPP. closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation. |
|
|
Term
| S3 and S4 are ____ and seldom audible in healthy adults. What do they correspond with? |
|
Definition
| Faint. S3 - blood flowing into the ventricles. S4 - atrial contraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal heart sounds. (mitral valve prolapse) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac conducting system? |
|
Definition
| A network of specialized cardiac muscle cells responsible for initiating and distributing the stimulus to contract. |
|
|
Term
| What is intrinsic cardiac conduction? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac muscle tissue contracts even in the absence of muscle or hormonal stimulation. Controls heart rate at rest. |
|
|
Term
| 1% of cardiac muscle is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Sinoatrial Node? Where is it? |
|
Definition
| SA Node. embedded in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. Known as cardiac pacemaker. It's electrical impulse is spread to the other cells through a conducting system. |
|
|
Term
| How many BPM does the SA node create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the internodal pathways? |
|
Definition
| They distribute the contractile stimulus to the atrial muscl cells as the impulse travels towards the ventricles. They innervate BOTH atria. |
|
|
Term
| What is the atrioventricular node? Where is it? Is there a delay? |
|
Definition
| AV node. Located at the junction between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delivers the stimulus to the AV bundle. There is a 100 msec delay so the atria have time to contract. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the SA node fails? |
|
Definition
| The AV node can take over but produces beats 40-60 BPM. |
|
|
Term
| What is the AV bundle? Where is it? |
|
Definition
| It serves as the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. Located with the interventricular septum. |
|
|
Term
| The AV bundle branches into the ___ and ___ bundles that are located where? |
|
Definition
| Right and Left. They extend towards the apex of the heart then turn and fan out deep to the endocardial surface. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the left bundle branch bigger than the left? |
|
Definition
| The LEFT ventricle muscle is 4-6x larger than the right so it has to be. |
|
|
Term
| What are perkinje fibers? Where are they located? |
|
Definition
| They are responsible for the depolarization of of the ventricular myocardial cells that trigger contraction. They innervate the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of impulse? |
|
Definition
| SA node --> internodal pathway --> AV node --> AV bundle --> L branch + R branch --> Perkinje Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is extrinsinc cardiac control? |
|
Definition
| Electrical impulses created outside the heart that can affect heart rate. |
|
|
Term
| What is the homeostatic range of resting heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the extrinsic cardiac centers located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They centers innervate the heart by the _____ _______ and are further regulated by the _________. |
|
Definition
| cardiac plexus/hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| CardioINhibitory centers control the... |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic neurons (rest/digest) that SLOW the heart rate via the VAGUS nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Cardioinhibitory centers use the hormone ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CardioACCELERatory centers control the... |
|
Definition
| sympathetic neurons (fight/flight) that INCREASE heart rate via the CARDIAC ACCELERATOR nerve. |
|
|
Term
| CardioACCELERatory centers use the hormones _______. |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine and Epinephrine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best overall indicator peripheral blood flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cardiac output? What is it dependent on? |
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute. Heart Rate and Stroke Volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle during a single heart beat. |
|
|
Term
| How is cardiac output calculated? |
|
Definition
| Vol of blood/beat x # of beats/min. |
|
|
Term
| Example of cardiac output: |
|
Definition
| 75 B/PM X 80 ML/B = 6,000 ml/min or 6 L/min. |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors affecting heart rate? |
|
Definition
1.)Body temp
2.)Hormones
3.)Emotional State
4.)Stimulation of symp or para nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors effecting stroke volume? |
|
Definition
| Preload, afterload, contractility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of myocardial stretch permitting the ventricle to fill. |
|
|
Term
| What is end diastolic volume? |
|
Definition
| the amount of blood in the venttricles at the end of each ventricle diastole. |
|
|
Term
| Do you want MAX or MIN preload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| So MAX preload leads to MAX EDV which leads to MAX _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of tension the contracting ventricle must produce in order to force the semilunar valves open and to eject blood. |
|
|
Term
| So, the greater the after load... |
|
Definition
| the larger end-systolic volume the smaller stroke volume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of force that is produced during a contraction at a given amount of preload. |
|
|
Term
| As contractility increases... |
|
Definition
| the ESV increases, and stroke volume increases. |
|
|
Term
| People use beta blockers and channel extenders in clinical practices to increase contractility. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrocardiogram. Electrical events occuring in the heart can be noticed by electronodes placed all over the body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of wave? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pwave correspond to? |
|
Definition
| The depolarization of the atria and triggers contraction in the atria about 25 msec afterwards. |
|
|
Term
| What does an abnormal P wave suggest? A missing p wave? |
|
Definition
| A problem with the SA node. SA node failure. |
|
|
Term
| What does the QRS complex correspond to? |
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization. The ventricles begin contracting after the peak of the R. |
|
|
Term
| What does an abnormal QRS complex indicate? |
|
Definition
| A problem with the AV node or a heart block. |
|
|
Term
| What does the T wave correspond with? |
|
Definition
| Ventricular repolarization. |
|
|
Term
| Why is atrial repolarization not visible? |
|
Definition
| Because it happens as ventricles depolarize and is masked by the strong QRS complex. |
|
|
Term
| What if the P-R interval is greater than 200 msec? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What if the Q-T interval is increased? |
|
Definition
| Increased risk of heart attack. Ventricular tachycardia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue perfusion. The volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ or the entire circulation, |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of systemic tissue perfusion? |
|
Definition
| Left ventricle, aorta, elastic and muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, small veins, medium-sized veins, large veins, and finally superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium of heart. |
|
|
Term
| As cardiac output rises... |
|
Definition
| so does amount of blood flowing. |
|
|
Term
| As you increase cardiac output, blow flow increases to organs and circuits involved with _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Likewise, blood flow is decreased to ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is total peripheral resistance? |
|
Definition
| The resistance of the entire cardiovascular system. |
|
|
Term
| What must happen for circulation to occur? |
|
Definition
| The heart must develop sufficient pressure to overcome the total peripheral resistance. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that total peripheral resistance depends on? |
|
Definition
| vascular resistance, viscosity of blood, and turbulence. |
|
|
Term
| As length of a vessel increases... |
|
Definition
| resistance increases and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
| As diameter of a vessel increases... |
|
Definition
| resistance is decreased and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
| Diameter is more important to vascular resistance than ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is an increase in viscosity there is a _______ in resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter upset the smooth flow of blood creating eddies and swirls. |
|
|
Term
| An increase in turbulence causes an increase in ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood velocity is ________ proportional to surface area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more area...the more friction...the ______ blood flows. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type vessel has the greatest total surface area? |
|
Definition
| capillaries. because there are so many of them! |
|
|
Term
| Blood moves slowly in capillaries. Is this okay? |
|
Definition
| Yes because they function in exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Blood moves more quickly through _____ and _____ because they have lower total surface area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood contained within it. |
|
|
Term
| Pressure is measured by _____. |
|
Definition
| MMhg. Millimeters of mercury |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow is ______ proportional to the blood pressure and ______ proportional to the peripheral resistance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in blood pressure occur as blood flows through the ___________ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The heart generates pressure around ______ mmHg as it pumps blood into the aorta. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the branches of the arterial system, pressure _____ to ____ mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
| When it reaches the venules, it has ____ to ___ mmHg |
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Definition
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Term
| By the time it reaches the vena cava the pressure has dropped to ____ mmHg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is pressure the lowest? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does venous flow depend on? |
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Definition
| Muscular and respiratory pump. |
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Term
| The respiratory pump is regulated by the... |
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Definition
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Term
| Is arterial blood pressure constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| It _____ during ventricular contraction and ______ during ventricular relaxation. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is systolic pressure? |
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Definition
| The peak blood pressure measured during ventricular contraction. |
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Term
| What is diastolic pressure? |
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Definition
| The minimum blood pressure at the end of the ventricular relaxation phase. |
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Term
| What is the average adult blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is blood pressure written? |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is mean arterial pressure? |
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Definition
| Adding one third of pulse pressure to diastolic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| 80 + (120-80)/3 = 80 + 13.333... = 93.3mmHg |
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Term
| What are the two ways that the blood pressure, volume and flow are regulated? |
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Definition
| Neural and Hormonal regulation. |
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Term
| What are baroreceptors? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Pressure-receptors. Located in the carotid sinuses, aorta, and right atrium. |
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Term
| If a barorecptor senses a rise in blood pressure it... |
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Definition
| signals the hypothalamus which triggers vasodialation which decreases heart rate and cardiac output. |
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Term
| If a barorecptor senses a drop in blood pressure it... |
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Definition
| signals hypothalamus which triggers vasoconstriction which increases heart rate and cardiac input. |
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors do? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Detect changes in blood composition such as high CO2 or pH. Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch. |
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Term
| If a chemoreceptor senses high levels of CO2 in the blood it.. |
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Definition
| stimulates mechanisms to vasoconstrict to increase cardiac output and blood pressure to oxygenate the blood faster. |
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Term
| How does Renin work and what is it released by? |
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Definition
| When there is a drop in blood pressure/blood volume, a baroreceptor in the kidneys triggers the release of Renin which activates angiotensin I and is then converted to angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor) INCREASE BP. |
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Term
| How does ADH work and what is it released by? |
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Definition
| Secreted by the pituitary gland. It enhances water retention in the kidneys which in turn enhances blood volume which INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE. |
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Term
| How does aldosterone work and what is it released by? |
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Definition
| Secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. It enhances the reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney which in turn increases water reabsorption and continues same process as ADH. |
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Term
| How do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine work and what are they released by? |
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Definition
| They are secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland and they INCREASE BP which increases cardiac output by VASOCONSTRICTION. Epipen! |
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Term
| How do ANP and BNP work and what are they released by? |
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Definition
| ANP is released by the right atrium when there is excessive blood volume or low BP. BNP is released by the muscle cells of the ventricles of the heart. BOTH decrease sodium reabsorption so there is an increase in salty pee so blood volume also decreases. Inhibit the release of ADH, aldosterone, epi and norepi. |
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Term
| How does Nitric Oxide work and what is it released by? |
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Definition
| It is a potent vasodialator that reduces peripheral resistance and BP. Can be released by any tissue in the body. VIAGRA. |
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Term
| What is capillary exchange? |
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Definition
| Diffusion by filtration and reabsorption mechanisms. |
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Term
| Diffusion occurs continuously across _______ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Water ions and small organic molecules diffuse where? |
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Definition
| Between adjacent endothelial cells or through the pores of the fenestrated capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Across endothelial cellsand pass through plasma membrane channels. |
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Term
| Large water soluble compounds are unable to enter and leave the blood stream except where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma proteins are normally unable to cross the endothelial lining anywhere except? |
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Definition
| Sinusoidal capillaries like those of the liver. |
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Term
| Filtration refers to materials moving wher? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reabsorption refers to the movement of materials where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure refers to? |
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Definition
| A push out of the blood stream generated by fluids within the vessel. Filtration. Artery side. Positive number. Nutrients. |
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Term
| Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure refers to? |
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Definition
| A suction INTO the bloodstream generated by large immovable plasma proteins. Reabsoption. Suck. Negative. Venous side. Wastes. |
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Term
| How is net filtration pressure calculated? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you get a positive number you are on the ______ side of the capillary bed. |
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Definition
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Term
| If you get a negative number you are on the ______ side of the capillary bed. |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is no net filtration pressure, what is occuring? |
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Definition
| Equal filtration and reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain related to coronary problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Ballooning of blood vessel which increases risk of rupture |
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Term
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Definition
| Plaque build-up within the vessel. Increases blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pump failure. Occurs when the heart is so inefficent that it cannot sustain adequate circulation. |
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Term
| Cerebral Vascular Accident |
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Definition
| Stroke. Reduced blood supply to brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased blood flow to a tissue that will result in hypoxia - deficient oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| High blood pressure - 140/90 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low blood pressure - 90/60 or less. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Widespread pathogenic infection of the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| Widespread pathogenic infection of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when blood volume is normal and constant but poor circulation results from extreme vasodialation dropping blood pressure. |
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