Term
|
Definition
| Unifying devotion to a state, leading to both positive (unity, equality, cooperation) and negative (hostility, war, expansion) effects. Subject of chapter 18 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A German-Austrian politician and statesman. He was one of the most important diplomats of his era, and a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna. Considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a major figure in the development of diplomatic praxis. He was the archetypal practitioner of 19th-century diplomatic realism, being deeply rooted in the postulates of the balance of power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A political, cultural and social movement of the mid-19th century. It led changes in Irish nationalism, and from its beginnings in the late 1830s, it grew in influence and inspired following generations of Irish Nationalists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. His efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state and helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia from 1849 to 1861. On 17 March 1861, he assumed the title King of Italy to become the first king of a united Italy until his death in 1878. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An Italian military and political figure. Joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries in his 20's, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. Garibaldi took part in the War of the Farrapos and the Uruguayan Civil War leading the Italian Legion, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862–1890, oversaw the unification of Germany. In 1867 he became Chancellor of the North German Confederation. He designed the German Empire in 1871, becoming its first Chancellor and dominating its affairs until his dismissal in 1890. His diplomacy of Realpolitik and powerful rule gained him the nickname "The Iron Chancellor". Presided over the Berlin Conference and the scramble for Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under the leadership of Wilhelm and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement began by Theodor Herzl in 1897, aiming to form a free, independent country for Jewish people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Jewish officer in the French army unjustly accused of treason. Investigated by Theodor Herzi, eventually leading to Herzi's foundation of Zionism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1860-1904) Viennese Jewish journalist who founded the Zionist movement in 1897 after encountering fierce anti-Semitism in Paris. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A misrepresented concept of Darwin's theories created by the philosopher, Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). Argued that those who were strong deserved their superiority, while those who were weak deserved their inferiority. Spencer also believed that the European races were more advanced than those of other regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau. Part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, but there were smaller campaigns in western Turkey, the Baltic Sea, the Pacific Ocean and the White Sea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A condition in which foreigners could live and conduct business under their own laws rather than under the laws of another country. Used by British to Chinese after Opium Wars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A West African political leader, Islamic scholar, and Toucouleur military commander who created a brief empire including present-day Guinea, Senegal, and Mali. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
United many of the Northern Nguni people, including the Mtetwa Paramountcy and the Ndwandwe, into the Zulu kingdom; the beginnings of a nation that held sway over the large portion of southern Africa between the Phongolo and Mzimkhulu rivers. His statesmanship and vigour marked him as one of the greatest Zulu chieftains
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1813-1873) Scottish missionary and scientist who was distinguished for learning African languages, treating Africans with respect, and constantly campaigning against the slave trade that was endemic in the African interior. In his popular writings on his explorations, he included pleas to the British government to extend its power in Africa to combat this trade. Died during his explorations, and had his heart buried in Africa and his body buried in Westminster Abbey. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The founder of the Wassoulou Empire, an Islamic state that resisted French rule in West Africa from 1882 to his capture in 1898. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dutch word for "farmers". AKA Afrikaners, founded two new republics, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, after departing on a great trek northward due to increasing unhappiness with increasingly British customs of the Cape Colony. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Time of Troubles" Word used to describe Africa's destabilized state during the expansion of the European Cape Colony. Led to Shaka Zulu's rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A Sufi sheikh of the Samaniyya order in Sudan who proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith in 1881. His proclamation came during a period of widespread resentment among the Sudanese population of the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers, and capitalized on the messianic beliefs popular among the various Sudanese sufi sects (or tariqa/turuq) of the time. More broadly, the Mahdiyya, as Muhammad Ahmad's movement was called, was influenced by earlier Mahdist movements in West Africa, as well as Wahabism and other puritanical forms of Islamic revivalism that developed in reaction to the growing military and economic dominance of the European powers throughout the 19th century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika, an uprising by several African indigenous communities in German East Africa against the German rule in response to a German policy designed to force African peoples to grow cotton for export, lasting from 1905 to 1907 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chinese rebellion which began in 1850, and was led by Hong Xiuquan, a frustrated scholar who claimed visions of himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Demanded an end to the corrupt and inefficient Manchu imperial rule, an end to extortionate landlord demands, and the alleviation of poverty. Defeated by regional military leaders in 1864. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The founder of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1809, a religious teacher, writer and Islamic reformer. One of a class of urbanized ethnic Fulani living in the Hausa States in present-day Nigeria. A teacher of the Maliki school of law and the Qadiriyyah order of Sufism, he lived in the city-state of Gobir until 1802 when, motivated by his reformist ideas and under increased repression by local authorities, he led his followers into exile. This exile began a political and social revolution which spread from Gobir throughout modern Nigeria and Cameroon, and was echoed in an ethnicly Fula led Jihad movement across West Africa. Passed leadership of the Sokoto state to his son, Muhammed Bello. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period in Japan in which the power of the shogunate was ended forever, and brought the daimyo and their young samurai to power in the name of the Emperor Meiji. Involved heavy adoption of Western ideals and led to Japan's global power and dominance in an otherwise all-Western world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A funeral practice among some Hindu communities in which a recently widowed woman would either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre. This practice is now rare and outlawed in modern India |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1769-1849) Took effective rule of Egypt in 1807 and led to the industrialization, modernization, and Westernization of Egypt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A British employee of the East India Company who made a huge fortune in India, often through corruption, in the eighteenth century. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two wars between China and Britain, bean when Lin Zexu tried to confiscate and destroy British opium. Due to the ideology of "free trade", British cannon destroyed the harbor of Guangzhou (1839-1842). Because of its isolation, China was helpless against Britain's advanced technology and forced to cede Hong Kong as a colony and adopt a policy of extraterritoriality. The second war led to the occupation of Beijing by British and French forces and the sacking of the Summer Palace. |
|
|
