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| The period in Europe from the mid-seventeenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries during which great agricultural progress was made and the fallow, or idling of a field to replenish nutrients, was gradually eliminated |
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| The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively,at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture |
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| The transformation of large numbers of small peasants farmers into landless rural wage earners |
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| A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market. |
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| The 18th c. System of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant |
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| The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods |
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| The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers |
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| A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument at the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. |
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| A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies. |
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| The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in the 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts. |
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| A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. |
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| The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the 18th c. And ultimately involved more than twelve million Africans |
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