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| There was a huge gain in manufacturing from 1861 to 1900. 3 times as many goods were being produced in 1900 than there was in 1861. The heart of it was from New England to the Mid-West |
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| Industry Before the Civil War |
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| Textiles and processing of natural resources. |
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| Steel, iron, petroleum, and machinery are the main industries. |
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| The Bessemer Converter, which converts iron ore to steel, is invented. This made things cheaper and faster. Vertical integration is started by Andrew Carnegie. This means that one person owes all of the steps in production. |
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| In the mid 1870s 1 ton of steel was 100 dollars. In 1890 1 ton of steel was only twelve dollars. |
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| New steel is used to build skyscrapers, railroads, wire, nails, bolts, needles, and screws. There was also more steam power because of new coal. In 1900 eighty percent of the factories were using steam power. In 1890 there were 4 transcontinental railroads. |
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| Making changes in the country costs money. Canals and railroads are very expensive to build. Foreign investors supplied 1/3 of the money. Americans start investment bankers and start selling stocks and bonds. Many people still buy, but they mistrust. |
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| All business is now done by big businesses. This means more money is invested in machines. Railroads grow in size and they will increase greatly. Railroads grew from a length of 100 miles to a length of 1000 miles. Railroad companies fought over wages and competed to see who got more money. |
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| Machinery, metal, and textiles matched the equality of railroads.In 1900 there were about 500-1000 workers in the factories. |
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| Control all aspects of production. |
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| He owned Standard Oil. It was responsible for 84% of refining. He said, "The day of individual competition is past and gone." |
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| There were two depressions. One in 1873 and the other in 1879. Land value decreases, banking is unsound, and unemployment is high. These were the causes of overproduction. |
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| Coke and coal factories cause a lot of air pollution. Tar was dumped into the soil. Lakes and rivers were dumping grounds from factories and dumping grounds. |
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| Cities start to see steam power and electric light. Factories are also set up there. Cities will double and triple in population. By 1900 40% of the people lived in cities. |
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| Urban Dwellers and Immigrants |
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Definition
| People flow into the cities and there were a lot of jobs. Immigration tripled and most lived in Northeastern cities. New immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe: Italy, Poland, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Turkey, and Syria. They came because of the famine and unemployment in their home country. |
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| Cities were very diverse: slums, mansions, businesses, civic monuments, and middle class homes. Business districts developed first then the light industry, then middle class, then suburbs. The poorest people lived in the center of the cities. Started to see more and more segregation by race and wealth. |
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| The middle class income rises by 30%, but only 36% of the people own homes. The middle class also finds more time for leisure. Department stores were just coming out so people spent some time shopping. |
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| 1869 a secret organization is formed; the Knights of Labor. Wanted labor owned factories and RR. Union accepted all people. Blacks, women, and whites. Open policy attracted many. They had strikes, with success. 1886 the Haymarket Riot in Chicago at McCormick Reaper works. Starts a peaceful protest, but when the police arrived a bomb exploded killing 7 police. 8 people were convicted, with 3 of them being executed. Membership grew from 100,000 to 300,000. The union will turn to politics to get people elected. Union will breakup because people felt they were going in a different direction. In 1886 the American Federation of Labor (AFL) is formed. Samuel Gompers creates a union only for skilled workers. Each group was independent of each other, but they worked together. Wanted higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. In 1900 there were 1 million member, but no blacks or women. |
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Term
| Homestead and Pullman Strikes |
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Definition
| In 1892 Homestead steel mills in Pittsburgh, PA run by Andrew Carnegie wants a wage decrease so he locks out his employees. Fights break out and seven men are killed. The PA governor sends in 8,000 troops to stop the strike. 1893 Eugene V. Debs organizes the American Railway Union. 150,000 Pullman Car Company employees in Chicago cut wages and laid off workers. 1894 they go on strike and federal troops are called in. $340,000 of damage done and many killed. The union will lose the strike when the Supreme Court will rule against them saying that they were stopping trade. Many people will start to see the unions as un-American. Many unions will collapse in economic hard times. Only about 8.4% of all workers were union members. There were often clash of cultures. Many people felt that immigrants were taking their jobs. People will become very anti-Chinese in the West. Created the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, no Chinese immigration for ten years. |
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| More jobs for men like accounting, salesmen, and shipping jobs. More education: Public high schools- 1870- 160 schools, 1900-6,000 schools and had compulsory attendance. Universities are up also. 1870- 53,000 students and in 1900- 101,000 students. Often researched based like John Hopkins, and Stanford. Also see the start of professional organizations like the AMA, and ABA. This is also the era of the self-made man like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Horatio Alger Jr. will write books to popularize the myth. In reality most wealthy people were white, Anglo-Saxon protestant middle class families. |
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