The impetus for political and social change in the eighteenth

century stemmed in part from _________, was a movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution.

Major sources of inspiration for the Enlightenment

were two Englishmen, ________ and _________

(1632--1704).

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding,

written in 1690, _________ denied the existence of innate

ideas and argued instead that every person was born with

a tabula rasa, a blank mind

As mentioned earlier, ______ contended

that the world and everything in it worked like a giant

machine.

_______ was built on the

Newtonian world-machine, which implied the existence

of a mechanic (God) who had created the universe.

________ most famous contribution to the Enlightenment

was the Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of

the Sciences, Arts, and Trades, a 28 -volume

compendium of knowledge that he edited and referred to

as the ‘‘great work of his life.’’ Its purpose, according to

him, was to ‘‘change the general way of thinking.’’

 is the literary and artistic

culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes, Elite

owned worker that could not be traded or sold to another plantation

                                                              i.      Society consisted of dictatorships,

                                                            ii.      Union of church and state,

                                                          iii.      extreme wealthy at the top,

                                                          iv.      extreme poverty at the bottom,

                                                            v.       had more of the mixing of races

 just wanted the King, George III, to treat America like he treated Britain

                                                              i.      Led the continental army during the Revolutionary war

                                                            ii.      Won Yorktown, 4-13

1.      Outnumbers Cornwallis 16,000-7,000

                                                          iii.      Mixed feelings about slavery, freed slaves in his will

                                                          iv.      Served two terms, legally as President

                                                            v.      refused to be King

The __________was approved by the states---by a

slim margin. Important to its success was a promise to

add a bill of rights to it as the new government’s first piece of business.

_______________ (1740--1786),

was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs of the eighteenth century. He was well versed in Enlightenment thought and even invited Voltaire to live at his court for several years.

• ________ – called the French and Indians War, Americans against the French and Indians 1757-73. Often considered a Global War 
• Britain and france mainly fought. 
• French had more settlers living in America, 
• Fought in America, Europe, and India

                                                              ___________consist of 3 estates – Clergy and Nobility 2%, Commoners 98%

                                                               ______________ basically ran out of money  Wanted to Legally raise money – called the estates general

a.      When it came time to vote commoners rebelled

2.      Began with the Attack on Bastille

a.       Killed all guards and directors

4.      Closed the Cathedral of Notre Dame

a.       Forced clergy to become farmers

5.      Set forth the Metric System

a.       United States never adopted it

a.       Anybody could be guillotined for no offense

b. 16000 people were killed

                                                              i.       – called forth all citizens that could fight, even blind and crippled

 noble, went to Italy and had a lot of success, got owned in Egypt

                    Made himself dictator of France and had himself crowned and Emperor

Policies of _______

Eliminated Priviledges of nobility, ended serfdom, granted religious freedom, toleration, Unified Frances law codes, made women less equal to men, promotions were based on merit, ability, not heredity

                                                              -  a political system, trade system, Europe would trade among itself, and keep Great Britain out, isolate them, force Britain to their knees. To prevent British goods from reaching Europe vice versa.

Czar got tired of the Continental System

Napoleon got together an army of 600,000 men, only 40,000 returned, more than 90% died during the fighting in_______ 

Found his army starving to death

                                                          French Exiled Napoleon to an island of Ebla off the coast of Italy. _____ took over in power

 Napoleons defeat at ________ was detrimental, Opposing the Duke of Wellington, Sent to Spain, defeated Napoleons best generals. General Grouchy was sent by Napoleon to defeat Bucher - Prussian General, but was to late Bucher already joined Wellington. Napoleon captured and exiled to Saint Melina. Where he died

Electricity

• Good, practical electrical generators
• Eletric motors were developed, allowed trolleys to be created
• Could be located anywhere

_______ and his friend Engles wrote a book called the Communist Manifesto , said that all history was a part of class struggles, slave and master, labor and management

Classes stood in opposition against each other, Get rid of all class and a Utopia would happen, All strife would cease, rebellions, revolts, everybody would work his hardest to give to the commune, goods distributed evenly

After Napoleon was deposed –  ________________set the stage for the politics of Europe for the next 95 years, Liberal and Conservative were titles used.

between Britain and Russia, called the first modern war, recorded by photographs, for the first time female nursing became popular

Britain won

                                                          – let the king stay in power, nobility keep ranks and title but had no power, king and nobility were the mere figure heads, king could not refuse to sign it, kept England from the turmoil.

                                                         – has the distinction of being the longest reigning monarch got the throne at 18, remembered for being excessively prudish. Very high morals. Had two son - Prince Albert (older) died, Prince Edward (younger) got the throne

Russia – 1862 a Russian Czar ________freed millions of serfs, told the serfs they had a plot of land, and they had 40 years to pay for it, told nobility they must give it to them for a certain price

 Trade Unions grew – Great Britain began a system of _________,________,_________

 – led to the greatest war human kind was to see, Germany united, and Austria (south of Germany) united, Austria took territory Serbia, Serbia asked Russia for help, Germany intervened, told Serbia and Russia to back down. Serbia had to accept being small, Austria remained large

a.       The first Latin American country to break away from French and claim its independence was _______, took over Island of Española, eastern part was Dominican republic

When Latin America found out France was busy fighting Spain

 – took lead, the George Washington of South America, freed up 6 countries, made himself Dictator, reason said people weren’t ready for Democracy, led rebellions against Spain - Bolivia

– took the back seat, moved to Peru realized he could not defeat the Spanish by himself so he welcomed Bolivar

Sent a letter to the European countries if any armies were sent to the western hemisphere they would fight them, if they interfere, try to get back countries they lost they would fight. Spain never went back

1. formed dictator ships, could not separate church/state, big gap between rich and poor
2. Ruling elites had lots of land, slaved remained in the bottom class
3. Did a lof of exporting, Great Britain, Canada bought goods from them

said it was over the issue of state’s rights, but actually to keep their slaves 1860s, President was Abraham Lincoln, 1 out of 6 who joined the army died fighting more than 500,000 men died, General Lee surrendered in 1865

_____________wanted to leave the Union, southern states said all the forts were theirs, Fort Sumter refused to give, first shots were by the South

• Was occuring in Europe and U.S. Urban people moving into cities, 
• realized germs could be killed by soap, hot water, 
• Sanitation was put into practice, 
• Small Pox Vaccination,
• Wealth began to be more evenyl distributed
• Unions came along at this time 

Although, _____________ was influenced by

the German Romantic school of mystery and horror,

many literary historians give him the credit for pioneering

the modern short story. ‘‘The Fall of the House of Usher’’ Gothic Lit.

In biology, the Frenchman _____________discovered the germ theory of disease, which had

enormous practical applications in the development of

modern scientific medical practices.

The popularity of scientific and technological

achievement produced a widespread acceptance of the

_______________ as the only path to objective truth and

objective reality.