Term
| What is the difference of secretion of the endocrine cells and other epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| Endocrine is ductless. Epithelial uses ducts. |
|
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Term
| Classification of the following hormones: a. Cathecholamines b. Peptide hormones c. Steroid hormone d. Throxine |
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Definition
| a. Cathecholamines –non lipid/amino acid b. Peptide hormones – non-lipid/prohormones c. Steroid hormone - lipid d. Throxine – amino acid |
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Term
| Mechanism of action of the steroid hormone. |
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Definition
| binds recepters at inner surface of cell membrane. Diffuse across the lipid part of the cell membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A special protein that links 1st and 2nd messenger |
|
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Term
| how does the hypothalamus control secretions of the anterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| By secreting specific regulatory hormones in the anterior lobe (Negative feedback) |
|
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Term
| The effect of insulin and glucagons on blood glucose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| role of the enzyme “RENIN” |
|
Definition
| Increases blood volume and increases blood pressure. Responds to hemoharages. |
|
|
Term
| What are C Cells? What are their roles? |
|
Definition
Parafollicular cells, in the thyroid, they produce and secrete calcitonin.
Calcitonin is used to reduce blood calcium |
|
|
Term
| What are Chief cells? What are their roles? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid – primary cell of the parathyroid gland. It produces and secretes the parathyroid hormone. AKA Zygomatic - release precurser enzyme. |
|
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Term
| What does α cell of the pancreas produce |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does β cell of the pancreas produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona reticularis produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona fasciculate produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the zona glomerulosa produce? |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine; Noepinephrine aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| What does the exocrine of the pancreas produce? |
|
Definition
| Pancreatic juice containing the digestive enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the pancreatic islets (Islet of Langerhans) |
|
Definition
• About 1% of pancreas
• Alpha cells (produce glucagon) – raise blood glucose levels
• Beta cells (produce insulin)
• Delta cells (produce peptide hormone.
• F Cells (produce the hormone pancreatic polypeptide) |
|
|
Term
| Functions of growth hormone? |
|
Definition
| makes more amino acid, increase blood sugar. (development and growth) |
|
|
Term
| How do the liver cells respond to GH? |
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Definition
| After the GH stimulates the breakdown of glycogen reserves by liver cells – they release glucose into the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| Role of hormone ANP of the heart? |
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Definition
| It acts to reduce water, sodium, and adipose (fat) loads on the circulatory system, to lower blood pressure. |
|
|
Term
| What mineral contains in the thyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Iodine to produce T3 and T4 |
|
|
Term
| What hormone that plays an important role in the maintenance of body temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone can lower blood levels of calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetic effect, anti-inflamitory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes the tubules of the kidneys to retain sodium and water. Drives blood pressure up. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone can increase the numbers of RED BLOOD CELLS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between acromegaly and giantistm?\ |
|
Definition
| Acromegaly is asymmetric, and giantism is symmetricok |
|
|
Term
| Excess secretion of GH prior to puberty will cause _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess secretion of GH after 25 will cause_______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the antagonist of calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the synergistic to Growth Hormone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 38. What hormones are required for proper growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 40. What hormone dominates during the resistant phase of the general adaptation syndrome? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 41. What effect would a large increase in cortisone have on insulin secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions and components of blood? |
|
Definition
| Transportation; regulation; hemostasis; defense; maintaining body temp |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the formed elements? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| WBC – Defense, RBC – carry oxygen, platelets – hemostasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between plasma and serum? |
|
Definition
| Serum is a type of blood plasma that does not have any clotting factors because they have been removed by letting the blood clot first before the plasma is separated. |
|
|
Term
| 46. What are the most abundant proteins in blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics and functions of Red blood cells? |
|
Definition
| TRANSPORT OXYGEN AND CARBON-DIOXIDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein this is found in the red blood cell which is used to carry oxygen around the body |
|
|
Term
| Define erthropoiesis, hematocrit |
|
Definition
• Erythropoisis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced
• Hematocrit - the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| what determine a person’s blood type? |
|
Definition
| Presence or absence of antigen |
|
|
Term
| Function of neutrophils and lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what WBC that releases HISTAMINE at the site of an injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defend against large multicellular parasites/allergy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Initiating clotting process: by releasing clotting factors
b. Formation a temporary patch in the injury site to slow the blood loss
c. Contraction after clot formation – educe size of injury. |
|
|
Term
| 65. Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex sequence of stepts in which fibrinogen is converted to fibrin |
|
|
Term
| how is the “extrinsic pathway” activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the intrinsic pathway activated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot dissolve or clot degradation by activating PLASMINOGEN by thrombin and tPA (tissue plasma activator) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the presence of high platelet counts in the blood . |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of relatively few platelets in blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce friction anchor heart in right position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of tricuspid valve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 76. put the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation |
|
Definition
| VENA CAVA → R.A → tricuspid →Right ventricle→ pulmonary lung→ pulmonary trunk→ lung→ pulmonary vein →left atrium → AV left → left ventricle → Aorta |
|
|
Term
| Name the branches of the left coronary artery |
|
Definition
Circumflex branch
Anterior interventricular branch |
|
|
Term
| location of pacemaker cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped by the right/left ventricle of the heart in one contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped by each ventricle/minute |
|
|
Term
| components of hemoglobin molecule |
|
Definition
| two alpha chains, and two beta chains of polypeptides. Each hb chain contains a single molecule of heme. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of contraction, or systole, and the beginning of filling, or diastole end of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of regurgitating mitral valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 91. if there is a blockage between the AV node and the bundle, how will this affect the appearance of the QRS of the electrocardiogram? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During ventricular systole |
|
Definition
• The atria are relaxing
• The ventricles are contracting
• AV valves are closed
• Pressure in the ventricle increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the period between the start of one heart beat and the beginning of another |
|
|
Term
| What does the T wave on an ECG tracing represent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compare pernicious anemia, aplastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and hemorrhagic anemia |
|
Definition
pernicious anemia: lack of b12 and folic acid
macrocitic RBC
hypochromic (MCHC: <27)
Normal reticulocyte
aplastic anemia: Bone marrow failure
Immature RBC
Hypo, and hyperchromic
increased reticulocyte
iron Deficiency anemia
Lack of iron
Microcytic RBC
Hypochromic
Normal reticulocyte
Hemmorrhage:
Lack of RBC
Normocytic
Normochromic
Normal reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manufacture growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manufacture antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| List all hormones of the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenizing hormone (LH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Growth Hormone (GH) |
|
|
Term
| What plasma protein is important in body defense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average life span of a red blood cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of “STEM CELLS” responsible for the process of lymphopoiesis |
|
Definition
| Migrate from bone marrow to lymphoid tissues, including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. |
|
|
Term
| What nervous system controls the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue? |
|
Definition
| increases metabolism, increase heart rate. |
|
|
Term
| What hormone can increase blood levels of calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What agglutinin (antibody) and agglutinogen (antigen) you expect to see on a person with type "A" blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the cardiac muscle action potential contain "THE PLATEU PHASE" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the cardiac output according to sterlings law? |
|
Definition
| it equals the product (multiplication) |
|
|
Term
| Will the heart rate increase or decrease if the mebrane of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node becomes more permeable to potassium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would the heart rate increase or decrease if the membrane of the cardiac muscle cells in the SA node becomes more permeable to sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would clcium channel blocker in the cardiac muscle membrane affect the contraction of the heart muscle? |
|
Definition
| It would reduce the heart workload. |
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