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| Collection of organizations formed during the Civil War to support the Union, President Lincoln, and the Republican party (originally in the North, but also formed throughout the South during Reconstruction) |
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| The reinstatement of the Confederate states as part of the Union and the rules governing that reinstatement |
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Lenient plan for reconstruction favored by Lincoln (announced in 1863 > hoped to hurt Confederate war effort by returning southern states to Union quickly)
Felt that Southern Unionists would becomes backbone of new state gov'ts in the South
Officially titled the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Created on premise that secession is illegal but that individual southern citizens were not responsible
1. General amnesty to white Southerners (not high Confed officials) who take oath of loyalty and accept end of slavery
2. When 10% of state's voters from 1860 have taken oath, could set up state gov't
3. Proposed extension of suffrage to African Americans who were educated, owned property, or had served in the Union army
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee return to Union under this plan
Congressional Republicans say it is too lenient (don't want southern planters to regain authority in gov't) |
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Plan created by Radical Republicans in Congress in 1864
Refuse to admit reps from "reconstructed" states into Congress
1. President appoints provisional governor to conquered states
2. When majority of white males have taken oath, governor could call for constitutional convention
3. Delegates must be elected by those who had never fought against the Union
4. New state constitutions must abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate leaders, repudiate debts accumulated by the state gov'ts during the war
4. States would then be readmitted to the Union
State suicide theory > believed Confederate states had surrendered rights when they seceded |
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Refusing to sign a bill within the 10 days allowed by the Constitution
If Congress is not in session, bill will not return to them to be passed over the veto
Used by Lincoln on the Wade-Davis Bill |
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| Presidential Reconstruction (10% Plus Plan) |
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Plan created by Andrew Johnson (wants full control of Reconstruction, must establish plan before Congress returns to session)
1. Offers amnesty to most southern whites through simple oath
2. Those who had been Confederate officers or had property over $20,000 had to apply directly to Johnson and pay a fee
3. New state constitutions had to be written accepting end of slavery, renouncing secession, and repudiating state debt
4. Names provisional governors to oversee elections for Constitutional convention
Major Confederate leaders are disenfranchised but planters are allowed to return to power > angers Radical Republicans |
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| Congressional Plan (Military Reconstruction) |
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Established by Radical Republicans after breaking with President Johnson
Meant to fully punish Confederates and protect rights of Freedmen
1. South is split into five military districts
2. Each state is required to create a new constitution that accepts black suffrage and ratifies the 13th and 14th Amendments
3. Military also facilitates black voting |
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Republicans in Congress create the Tenure of Office Act knowing that Johnson will go against it (attempts to remove Edwin Stanton and replace him with Ulysses Grant)
Grant abandons the position and Stanton returns (barricades himself in his office)
Johnson also attempts to replace generals in the field
Congress calls for his impeachment (impeached by House before charges are even drawn up, acquitted by one vote in the Senate) |
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| "Waving the Bloody Shirt" |
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In presidential election of 1868, the Republican party use this tactic to support their candidate, war hero Ulysses Grant
Reminded American people of lives lost during Civil War, worked to convince them that the Confederates had been justly punished thru Radical Reconstruction |
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Also known as Jim Crow Laws
Practice begun in the north to govern freedmen (due to lack of laws for the ex-slaves in Johnson's legislation)
Guarantee a stable labor force (renew pre-emancipation system of race relations) > forces blacks to become sharecroppers |
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| The separation of blacks from whites in public settings |
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| The right to vote (sought by blacks and women during Reconstruction, successfully acquired by the blacks in the 15th Amendment |
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| White northerners (often former abolitionists) who come to make changes in the South |
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| Native white southerners who supported Reconstruction and cooperated with African Americans |
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Passed over President Johnson's veto
Gave blacks full citizenship and overturned the Dred Scott decision and the black codes |
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| Meant to end discrimination against blacks in public places, but can only be enforced if blacks bring problems to trial (this is difficult and costly) |
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Government agency created in 1865 (over Johnson's veto)
Purpose was to help unskilled, uneducated ex-slaves to survive
Provide food, clothing, medicine, and education to ex-slaves and poor whites
Authorized to give black settlers parcels of land from abandoned plantations
Expired in 1872 (though by 1870 it had already been scaled back) |
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Anti-black group established in the South
Works against Reconstruction and local political leaders who supported the federal gov't
Intimidate blacks and white Republicans through murders, destruction of property, and beatings |
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| The practice by blacks of renting and farming land owned by whites (popular because it maintains race relations left over from slavery) |
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Cycle of debt into which black farmers entered (must rent supplies from white overseer and if the profits of the crop don't cover that debt, it continues to increase)
To make things worse, some whites faked the books, which illiterate blacks could not see |
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| A 6-year depression (possibly the worst in American history) makes the economy the biggest issue for the gov't to deal with (takes support away from Reconstruction) |
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Passed by Congress in January 1865 and ratified in December 1865 (though not in MS until 1994)
Ends slavery |
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Passed by Congress in June 1866 and ratified in June 1868 (after ratification is made a requirement for readmission)
Defined citizenship as birth or naturalized in the US
Provided for loss of Congressional reps for any state denying suffrage to any male citizen
Removed prewar pro-Confederacy officeholders
Repudiated Confederate debt |
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Passed by Congress in February 1869 and ratified in March 1870 (also required for readmission)
Prohibited denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
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| Passed in 1898 to abolish Indian Territory in OK (purpose is to undercut tribal power) |
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| Settlers eager to get land in OK Territory, enter No Man's Land before it is opened (1880) and are kicked out by the military |
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Begins in 1849, causes huge rush of settlers to the West
First in a series of gold and silver rushes (others occur in CO, NV, the Black Hills in the Dakotas) |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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Finished May 1869 when the Union and Central Pacific RRs came together in UT
Want trains to bring people and goods West, business is led by the "Big Four"
Given land subsidies for railroads by the gov't
Many RR workers come from other countries (in the East, many are Irish, in the West, Asian) |
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Proposed the frontier thesis (that Americans have become obsessed with the frontier and will continue to expand the bounds the country indefinitely)
Writes "Significance of the Frontier in American Society" |
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Law the offers free land to anyone will to occupy and improve it for 5 years (can buy it for $1.25 after 6 months)
Encourages wave of settlers, especially families, to come West |
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| Key resource for Native Americans which is destroyed by white settlers (hunt for pleasure and trophies, leave most of the meat to rot) > hunt buffalo nearly to extinction |
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| Specific areas of land set up to house native populations, who usually must be forced to move (sometimes causes violence) |
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| First Treaty of Fort Laramie |
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Between the US government and 9 native tribes
Indians agree to allow settlers safe passage on the OR Trail in return for $50,000 per year (which the gov't does not pay)
Key cause of the Ind Wars |
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| Second Treaty of Fort Laramie |
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| Creates Great Sioux Reservation (which promises them land in the Black Hills, their traditional area) |
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Include the Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Comanche
Especially affected by new settlers
Comanche are warlike group, responsible for periodic fights/raids
Generally, abide by the Treaty of Medicine Lodge (keeps them on reservations), eventually get fed up w/ gov't not sticking to terms, fight long campaign against forces led by General Sherman
Eventually forced back onto reservations |
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Cheyenne Indians led by Black Kettle, after receiving permission to camp at Sand Creek in CO are attacked by the Colorado Volunteers (led by state gov'r John Evans)
Mainly women and children are killed (men out hunting) |
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| Black Hills (Lakota-Sioux) |
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Ancestral lands of Lakota-Sioux, promised to them in the 2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie
Gold is found there and settlers begin to enter the area > angers the Inds |
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| Lieutenant Colonel Custer |
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Originally called into to keep settlers out of the Black Hills, but he does the opposite (encourages them to come)
Comes up w/ plan to get rid of Inds, brings in forces to build fort in the Black Hills |
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| Also known as Custer's Last Stand, Custer breaks away from the bulk of his forces and with 250 men attacks the Sioux led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and Red Cloud > destroy his men |
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When the traditional "ghost dance" of the Lakota-Sioux scares white settlers enough to call in troops (want natives' weapons to be confiscated) a massacre occurs
Last band of Sioux fighters (including Sitting Bull) are killed |
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| Native American tribe originally from OR but forced to move to reservations in MT |
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Leader of the Nez Perce who, after they are attack while trying to settle on their reservation, leads them in a northward march that lasts three months
Surrender when they can't go any longer |
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Native Americans in FL who fought with Americans periodically
First Seminole War - During the War of 1812, the British arm the Seminoles and they begin attack American settlers
Jackson is sent to subdue them, no real victory is reached, but these fights do encourage Spain to hand the land off to the US
Second Seminole War - Seminoles led by Osceola use guerrilla tactics against Americans for 7 years
Truce forced in 1837, Osceola killed during negotiations > fighting begins again, doesn't end until 1842, when most of the Seminoles are dead
Those that surrender are sent to OK
Third Seminole War - US surveyors destroy crops of Seminole chief Billy Bowlegs, leads guerrilla attacks once again, most Seminoles are killed, majority of rest leave the area, with a small group remaining in far S of FL |
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Indian activist (inspired by a speech she heard by Standing Bear to understand/improve reservation life)
Writes "A Century of Dishonor" and is appointed as Commissioner of Indian Affairs by Pres Arthur |
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Beginning of an assimilation policy for Indians
Offer land to individuals, breaking up tribal culture and gov't
Forces |
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| Whenever new deposit is discovered, people flock to the area, town forms, pop explodes, then people leave when the resources are gone (often become ghost towns) |
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| Center of life in mining towns, increasing vice/drinking leads to increase in support for temperance mvmt |
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| Open Range Cattle Industry |
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Cattle ind moves W along trails like Chisholm Trail
Cattle graze in the plains, shipped back east to be slaughtered/processed
Tech like water pumps and barbed wire very imp
Causes conflict (Range Wars) with shepherds > sheep eat grass down to roots, leave nothing for cows |
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Key workers of the cattle ind
Keep cattle corralled and herd them to train depots (ship them from there)
Job eliminated by invention of barbed wire > no longer need people to corral cattle
Have a very hard life, but it is idealized by pop culture of that time |
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| Icon of the rodeo circuit, written about in popular novels, contributes to idealized view of West |
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Christian sect whose beliefs are based on an additional text, the Book of Mormon
Founded by Joseph Smith, forced to move from NY to the Midwest to escape persecution, doesn't help, Smith is lynched for his beliefs
New leader Brigham Young brings them to Utah between 1846 and 1847, found a theocracy called Deseret, which is cut short when UT Territory is created (becomes part of the US) in 1850
Military is sent to the area when the resist, continue to live on the land (held in common, do not sell > against federal laws)
Have very successful techniques to irrigate arid land (learned from natives)
Persecuted for their practice of polygamy, which is illegal
Edmunds Act - disenfranchises those who practice polygamy, threaten w/ fines/imprisonment
Edmunds-Tucker Act - removes all pwr from Mormon Church in UT
Leads Mormons to abandon controversial beliefs (polygamy, shared land) |
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