Term
| Steroids and thyroid hormone are attached to |
|
Definition
| Plasma Proteins (IMPORTANT) |
|
|
Term
| It is composed of liquid plasma and formed elements |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only ____ are complete cells |
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Definition
|
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Term
| have no nuclei or organelles, and platelets are just cell fragments |
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Definition
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Term
| Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for _____________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most blood cells do not ______ but are renewed by cells in bone marrow |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Biconcave discs, anucleate, essentially no organelles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Biconcave shape that has a huge _______ _____ relative to volume |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Discounting water content, erythrocytes are more than __% _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ATP is generated anaerobically, so the erythrocytes ... |
|
Definition
| do not consume the oxygen they transport |
|
|
Term
| are dedicated to respiratory gas transport |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin reversibly binds with_____ and most _____ in the blood is bound to ________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Each hemoglobin molecule can transport ____ molecules of oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
Oxygen loading takes place in the lungs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues (reduced Hb) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide loading takes place in the tissues |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematopoiesis occurs in the __ ____ ____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| give rise to all formed elements |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A hemocytoblast is transformed into a _______ ___ called the __________. |
|
Definition
Committed Cell
proerythroblast |
|
|
Term
| develop into early erythroblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythropoiesis (3 Phases) |
|
Definition
Phase 1 – ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts
Phase 2 – hemoglobin accumulation in late erythroblasts and NORMOBLASTS
Phase 3 – ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of RETICULOCYTES
Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| Too few red blood cells leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Too many red blood cells causes |
|
Definition
| undesirable blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
| hormonally controlled and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Erythropoietin (EPO) release by the kidneys is triggered by: |
|
Definition
Hypoxia due to decreased RBCs
Decreased oxygen availability
Increased tissue demand for oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Hb (65%), the liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracellular iron is stored in protein-iron complexes such as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Circulating iron is loosely bound to the transport protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The life span of an erythrocyte is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The life span of an erythrocyte is 100–120 days
Old erythrocytes become rigid and fragile, and their hemoglobin begins to degenerate
Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages
Heme and globin are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse |
|
Definition
| Fate and Destruction of Erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| degraded to a yellow pigment called bilirub |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secretes bilirubin into the intestines as bile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This degraded pigment leaves the body in feces, in a pigment called stercobilin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of acute or chronic loss of blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prematurely ruptured erythrocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of anemia results from:
A secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia
Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
Impaired iron absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
This type of anemia results from:
Deficiency of vitamin B12
Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin
Erythrocytes are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the beta chain
This defect causes RBCs to become .... |
|
Definition
| sickle-shaped in low oxygen situations |
|
|
Term
| neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically (acidic, basic, or both) with Wright’s stain
Are larger and usually shorter-lived than RBCs
Have lobed nuclei
Are all phagocytic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are our body’s bacteria slayers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
account for 1–4% of WBCs
Have red-staining, bilobed nuclei connected via a broad band of nuclear material
Have red to crimson (acidophilic) large, coarse, lysosome-like granules
Lead the body’s counterattack against parasitic worms
Lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytizing immune complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Have large, purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine
Histamine – inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs (antihistamines counter this effect) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lymphocytes and monocytes:
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types
Have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney-shaped (monocytes) nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Account for 25% or more of WBCs and:
Are found mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue (some circulate in the blood) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two types of lymphocytes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function in the immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
account for 4–8% of leukocytes
They are the largest leukocytes
They have purple-staining, U- or kidney-shaped nuclei
They leave the circulation, enter tissue, and differentiate into macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Are highly mobile and actively phagocytic
Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| originate from hemocytoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells (TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involves myeloblasts (TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| involves lymphocytes (TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acute leukemia involves ____-___ cells and primarily affects children
(TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic leukemia is more prevalent in (TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are found in the bloodstream in all leukemias (TQ) |
|
Definition
| Immature white blood cells |
|
|
Term
___ _____ becomes totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
(TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The white blood cells produced, though numerous, are ____________
(TQ) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Death is caused by _______ _______ and ______ ________. (TQ) |
|
Definition
| internal hemorrhage and overwhelming infections |
|
|
Term
| Treatments of Leukemia include : (3) TQ |
|
Definition
| irradiation, antileukemic drugs, and bone marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
| Platelets are fragments of _________ with a blue-staining outer region and a purple granular center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function in the clotting mechanism by forming a temporary plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The final three steps of Coagulation of reactions are: |
|
Definition
Prothrombin activator is formed(1)
Prothrombin is converted into thrombin (2)
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh (3) |
|
|
Term
| a clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thrombus in blood vessel of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and postoperative cardiac care |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for those prone to atrial fibrillation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| required for fat and vitamin K absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can lead to vitamin K deficiencies as it is a fat-soluble substance and is absorbed along with fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of clotting factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common type (83% of all cases) due to a deficiency of factor VIII |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| results from a deficiency of factor IX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mild type, caused by a deficiency of factor XI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens |
|
Definition
| Glycoprotein Antigens on the RBC Membrane |
|
|
Term
Two antigens (A and B) on the surface of the RBCs
Two antibodies in the plasma (anti-A and anti-B) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples: purified human serum albumin, plasminate, and dextran |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can also be used to replace lost blood volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before birth, blood cell formation takes place in the |
|
Definition
| fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen |
|
|
Term
| _______________ which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin |
|
Definition
|
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