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Definition
| A population, species, or other group of organisms which a protein or nucleic acid sequence, or set of such sequences, is regarded as representative |
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| The analysis of molecular sequences in order to infer their evolutionary relationships |
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| A mutant allele that replaces all other alleles in the population |
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| A graph depicting the genealogical reltionships among a set of alleles of the same gene in one or more species |
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| Based on the number of differences between each pair of sequences |
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| Systematically searches among all possible gene trees to find those that minimize the number of fixed mutations needed to account for the data |
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| Maximized liklihood methods |
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Definition
| Invokes a theoretical model of how nucleotide or amino acid substitutions occur, and then identifies the gene tree that maximizes the probability of observing the actual data based on the model |
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| Uses a generalization of Bayes theorum to infer the relative probability of any gene tree based on prior assumptions about the distribution of possible trees |
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| A matrix showing the amount of sequence divergence between all possible pairs of a set of protein or nucleic acid sequences |
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| A method for estimating a gene tree in which pairs of taxa are joined sequentially according to which pair are separated by the shortest distance |
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| A common technique for assessing the reliability of a node in a gene tree |
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| A condition in which a protein or nucleic acid molecule has the same probability of change per unit time in every branch of a gene tree |
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| Selectively neutral mutation |
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| A mutation that has no effects on fitness |
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| A DNA sequence that is not functional because of one or more mutations but that has a functional counterpart in the same organism |
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Definition
| Genes that are duplicated as an accompaniment to speciation and that retain the same function |
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| Two or more genes that derive from a common ancestral gene through one or more gene duplications followed by sequence divergence |
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| Specialization of paralogs accompanying loss of functional capabilities |
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| Geographically widespread species that are subdivided into more or less distinct breeding populations |
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| A common pool of genetic information |
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| The proportion of organisms that have the particular genotype |
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| The proportion of all alleles that are of the specified type |
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| When mating pairs are formed without regard to genotype |
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| The genotype frequencies expected with random mating |
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| A procedure in which biological samples of unknown human origin are matched wih their source through the use of polymorphic DNA markers |
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| Mating between relatives such as first cousins |
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| A mating between relatives |
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| The proportionat reduction in H1 compared with the value of 2pq that would be expected with random mating |
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| The condition in which two alleles are botb replicas of a single ancestral allele in the past |
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| The origin of new genetic capabilities in populations by means of spontaneous heritatble changes in genes |
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| The movement of individuals among subpopulations within a larger population |
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| the differing abilities of individuals to survive and reproduce in their environment |
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| the random, undirected cahnges in allele frequency that occur by chance in all populations, but particularly in small ones |
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| a change from a wildtype allele to a mutant allele |
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| A mutation that undoes the effect of a preceding mutation |
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| a situation in which the allele frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next |
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| The fitness of a genotype expressed as a proportion of the fitness of another genotype |
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| The amount by which relative fitness is reduced or increased |
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| The probability that a newly formed zygote of the specified genotype survives to reproductive age |
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| The average number of offspring produced by an individual of the specified genotype during the reproductive period |
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| Selection-mutation balance |
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Definition
| Equilibrium determined by the opposing effects of mutation tending to increase the frequency of a deleterious allele and selection tending to decrease its frequency |
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Definition
| The extent of which the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype resembles one of the homozygous genotypes |
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| A condition in which the fitness of a heterozygote is greater than the fitness of both homozygotes |
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| the condition in which a heterozygous genotype has greater fitness than either of the homozygotes |
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