Term
| What is the The Central Dogma? |
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Definition
| A cell builds the proteins it needs from instructions encoded in its genome |
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Term
| The first step in converting genetic information into proteins is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis of an mRNA version of the instructions stored in DNA |
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Term
| What performs this mrna synthesis by transcribing only one strand of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| When RNA polymerase synthesizes mrna from a single strand of DNA. That dna strand is called the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The other DNA strand not being transcribed is called what? |
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Definition
| non-template, or coding strand |
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Term
| Like the DNA polymerases an RNA polymerase performs a template-directed synthesis in what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
Unlike DNA polymerases
RNA polymerases do not require? |
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Definition
| a primer to begin transcription |
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Term
| Bacteria have how many RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotes have how many distinct types of RNA polymerase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three distinct types of rna polymerase in uekaryotes? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase I, II, and III |
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Term
| What is the is the first phase of transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein subunit that must first bind to the polymerase |
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Term
| Sigma and RNA polymerase together to form a? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme made up of a core enzyme and other required proteins |
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Term
| Prokaryotic RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme made up of? |
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Definition
the core enzyme and a sigma subunit
Has the ability to synthesize RNA |
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Term
Sigma acts as a regulatory factor
Guiding RNA polymerase to ? |
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Definition
specific promoter sequences
On the DNA template strand |
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Term
| Bacterial promoters are comprised of how many base pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial promoters have two key regions what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| The –10 box is found where? |
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Definition
| 10 bases upstream from the transcription start site |
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Term
| The –35 box is located where? |
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Definition
| Is 35 bases upstream from the +1 site |
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Term
| Transcription begins when? |
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Definition
| When sigma, as part of the holoenzyme complex binds to the –35 and –10 boxes |
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Term
| What makes the initial contact with DNA that starts transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do most bacteria have several types of sigma proteins? |
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Definition
| Each type allows RNA polymerase to bind to a different type of promoter, therefore a different kind of gene |
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Term
| what opens the DNA double helix? |
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Definition
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Term
| The template strand is threaded through the what? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase active site |
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Term
| An incoming ribonucleoside triphosphate (NTP) pairs with what? |
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Definition
| a complementary base on the DNA template strand |
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Term
| Once RNA polymerization begins what does sigma do? |
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Definition
| dissociates from the core enzyme |
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Term
| What happens during the elongation phase of transcription ? |
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Definition
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template
Synthesizes RNA in the 5prime to 3prime direction |
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Term
| Transcription ends with what phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe termination phase. |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase transcribes a transcription termination signal in the DNA template into RNA |
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Term
| In bacteria the transcription termination signal codes for RNA that forms what type of structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of the hairpin structure in termination signal of bacteria? |
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Definition
Causes the RNA polymerase to separate from the RNA transcript
Ending transcription |
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Term
| Eukaryotes or prokaryotes have more diverse and complex series of promoters ? |
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Definition
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Term
Many of the eukaryotic promoters include
A unique sequence called the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the TATA box located? |
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Definition
| Centered about 30 base pairs upstream of the 1 |
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Term
| As with bacteria, the RNA polymerase does not bind directly to the? |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotes, a group of proteins called ? bind directly to the promoter |
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Definition
| basal transcription factors |
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Term
| In eukaryotes, basal transcription factors do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| basal transcription factors are not part of a? (grouping) |
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Definition
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Term
| In eukaryotes the product of transcription is ? |
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Definition
an immature primary transcript
Or pre-mRNA |
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Term
| What are the two steps that have to take place with the pre-mrna? |
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Definition
Splicing
Adding Caps and Tails to RNA Transcripts |
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Term
| The protein-coding regions of eukaryotic genes are interrupted by ? |
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Definition
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Term
| To make a functional mRNA these noncoding regions must? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Are the coding regions of eukaryotic genes that will be part of the final mRNA product |
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Term
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Definition
| The intervening noncoding sequences not in the final mRNA |
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Term
| Eukaryotic genes are what relative size compared to their corresponding mature mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The transcription of eukaryotic genes by RNA polymerase generates a |
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Definition
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Term
| A primary RNA transcript contains? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) form a complex called a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Spliceosome do? |
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Definition
| Spliceosome catalyzes the splicing reaction |
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Term
| RNA processing is complete upon what 3 events? |
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Definition
Completion of splicing
Addition of the cap
Addition of the poly(A) tail |
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Term
| Primary RNA transcripts are also processed by the addition of a ? |
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Definition
| 5prime cap and poly(A) tail |
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Term
| once the 5prime cap and poly(A) tail are added what is the product? |
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Definition
| The product is a mature mRNA |
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Term
| The 5prime cap serves as a ? |
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Definition
| recognition signal for the translation machinery |
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Term
| The poly(A) tail does what? |
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Definition
| extends the life of an mRNA by protecting it from degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of bases in the mRNA is converted to an amino acid sequence in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyze translation of the mRNA sequence into protein |
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Term
| true or false: In bacteria, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously |
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Definition
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Term
| when do bacterial ribosomes begin translating an mRNA ? |
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Definition
| Before RNA polymerase has finished transcribing it |
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Term
| Multiple ribosomes attached to an mRNA form a ? |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false:In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are done simultaneously? |
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Definition
| false. In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separated |
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Term
| mRNAs are synthesized and processed where? |
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Definition
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Term
mRNAs are synthesized and processed
in the nucleus then transported to the ? for what? |
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Definition
| cytoplasm for translation by ribosomes |
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Term
| What was Crick's hypotheses regarding the specification of amino acid sequence by a sequence of nucleotide bases. |
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Definition
| Francis Crick proposed that an adapter molecule holds amino acids in place while interacting directly and specifically with a codon in mRNA. |
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Term
| What was the competing hypothesis to Cricks hypothesis? |
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Definition
| mRNA codons and amino acids interact directly |
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Term
| The adapter molecule was later found to be a small RNA called? |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acids are transferred from the RNA ? |
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Definition
| the growing end of a new polypeptide |
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Term
The experiment also confirmed
Aminoacyl tRNAs act as the what? |
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Definition
| interpreter in the translation process |
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Term
| What is required to attach tRNA to an amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzymes called ? “charge” the tRNA |
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Definition
| aminoacyl tRNA synthetases |
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Term
| aminoacyl tRNA synthetases “charge” the tRNA by ? |
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Definition
| Catalyzing the addition of amino acids to tRNAs |
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Term
| What is an aminoacyl tRNA |
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Definition
| A tRNA covalently linked to its corresponding amino acid is called an |
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Term
| Where is the binding site for amino acids |
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Definition
| CCA sequence at the 3prime end of each tRNA |
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Term
| Where are the anticodon that base-pairs with the mRNA codon |
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Definition
| The triplet on the loop at the opposite end |
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Term
| The secondary structure of tRNA folds over to produce a ? shaped tertiary structure. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: All of the tRNAs in a cell have a different structure |
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Definition
| false All of the tRNAs in a cell have the same structure |
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Term
| All of the tRNAs vary at what two places? |
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Definition
The anticodon
The attached amino acid |
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Term
| How many different codons are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many tRNA codons are in most cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| To resolve this deficit, Francis Crick proposed what hypothesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wobble hypothesis proposes? |
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Definition
| The anticodon of tRNAs can still bind successfully to a codon whose third position requires a nonstandard base pairing |
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Term
| One tRNA is able to base-pair with how many types of codon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomes contain what two things? |
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Definition
Protein
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| small subunit and large subunit |
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Term
| what does the small subunit do? |
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Definition
| The small subunit holds the mRNA in place during translation |
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Term
| What does the large subunit do? |
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Definition
| The large subunit is where peptide bonds form |
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Term
| During translation how many distinct tRNAs line up within the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
| The active site of the ribosome is entirely made of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ribosomal RNA catalyzes formation of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An RNA with catalytic activity |
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Term
| All three tRNAs are bound at their anticodons to ? |
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Definition
| the corresponding mRNA codon |
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Term
| The A site of the ribosome is the ? site for aminoacyl tRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The A site of the ribosome is the ? site for aminoacyl tRNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| where is a peptide bond formed that adds an amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| ? is where tRNAs no longer bound to an amino acid exit the ribosome |
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Definition
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Term
The ribosome is a molecular machine that
does what? |
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Definition
| Synthesizes proteins in a three-step sequence |
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Term
| An aminoacyl tRNA carrying the correct anticodon for the mRNA codon enters what site? |
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Definition
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Term
| A peptide bond forms between ? |
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Definition
The amino acid on the aminoacyl tRNA in the A site
And the growing polypeptide on the tRNA in the P site |
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Term
| The ribosome moves where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation has three phases what are they |
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Definition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination |
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Term
| The initiation phase of translation begins where? |
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Definition
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Term
| In bacteria the start codon is preceded by ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interaction between the small subunit and the mRNA is mediated by |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation initiation is a three-step process in bacteria. Describe the three processes. |
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Definition
The mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit
The initiator aminoacyl tRNA bearing N-formylmethionine (f-met) binds to the start codon
The large ribosomal subunit binds, completing the complex |
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Term
| Elongation has three steps, describe them. |
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Definition
Arrival of the aminoacyl tRNA
Peptide bond formation
Translocation |
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Term
At the start of the elongation phase
The initiator tRNA is located where? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the start of the elongation phase what is located at the E and A sites? |
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Definition
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Term
At the start of the elongation phase
An aminoacyl tRNA binds to ? |
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Definition
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Term
| peptide bonds form between amino acids on the ? |
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Definition
| tRNAs in the P and A sites |
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Term
After peptide bond formation, the polypeptide on the tRNA in the P site
does what? |
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Definition
| Is transferred to the tRNA in the A site |
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Term
| Translocation occurs when ? |
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Definition
| Elongation factors move the mRNA down the ribosome three nucleotides at a time and the tRNA attached to the growing protein moves into the P site |
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Term
| The termination phase starts when? |
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Definition
| the A site encounters a stop codon |
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Term
When the A site encounters a stop codon
This causes a protein to do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This protein that enters the A site is called a? |
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Definition
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Term
| Release factors resemble tRNAs in size and shape but what is different about them? |
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Definition
| do not carry an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What speeds folding of the protein |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines a protein’s shape and therefore its function? |
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Definition
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Term
Before they are ready to go to work in a cell Most proteins go through an extensive series of processing steps
Called ? |
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Definition
| post-translational modification |
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Term
| Many proteins are altered by enzymes that do what? Why? |
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Definition
add or remove a phosphate group
These changes often switch the protein from an inactive state to an active state or vice versa |
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