Term
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Definition
Failed involution of the vitelline duct
Wall includes: mucosa, submucosa, and muscular is propria
May contain gastric of pancreatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
2% of the population
2 feet of the ileocecal valve
~2 inches long (5cm)
2x more common in males
Symptomatic by age 2 |
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Term
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Definition
Presents in the 2nd to 3rd week of life
Non-bilous vomitting
Also can develop due to peptic ulcers or cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with Down Syndrome
Megacolon due to failure of the neural crest cells to migrate from the cecum to the rectum; innervated sections become enlarged
Lacks Meisner and Auerbach myenteric plexus |
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Term
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Definition
Due to smooth muscle being uncoordinated
Longitudinal sm contracts before the circular, causing obstruction |
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Term
Zenker Diverticulum
(pharyngeoesophageal diverticulum) |
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Definition
| Located immediately above the upper esophageal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the middle of the esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Located immediately above the lower esophageal sphincter |
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Term
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Definition
Ledge-like protrusions of mucosa that may cause obstruction
Women over 40
Compose of a firbovascular connective tissue
Upper esophagus
Generally semicircunferential |
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Term
| Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome |
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Definition
| Upper esophageal webs with iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis, and cheilosis |
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Term
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Definition
LES is chronically constricted leading to aggregation of food in the esophagus
Tx: Laprascopic myotomy and Botulinum neurotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan), causing Chaga's disease
Attacks the myenteric plexus and prevents peristalsis |
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Term
| Esophageal candidiasis (Advanced stage) |
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Definition
| Adherent, gray-white pseudomembranes, densely matted fungal hyphae |
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Term
| Esophageal Herpesviruses (Morphology) |
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Definition
Punched-out ulcers
Nuclear viral inclusions within a rim of degenerating epithelial cells |
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Term
| Esophageal CMV (Morphology) |
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Definition
| Shallower ulcerations and characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions |
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Term
| Esophageal Graft-vs-Host disease (Morphology) |
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Definition
| Basal epithelial cell apoptosis, mucosal atrophy, and subcutaneous fibrosis w/o infiltrates |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by regurgitation of gastric contents
Shows a hyperemic lower esophagus
More significant disease causes increases in eosinophils and neutrophils
Can be treated with proton pump inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
Caused by: alcohol, tobacco, obesity, CNS depressants, pregnancy, hiatal hernias, delayed gastric emptying, increased gastric volume
S/S: Dysphagia, heartburn, Sour-tasting gastric contents , sometimes severe chest pain |
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Term
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Definition
S/S: Food impaction and dysphagia
Morph: LARGE NUMBERS OF EOSINOPHILS
Differentiated from severe GERD by the lack of effect of proton pump inhibitors and lack of acid reflux |
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Term
| Barrett Esophagus (Morphology) |
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Definition
Several tongues or patches of red, velvety mucosa extending up the esophagus
"Wine-goblet" goblet cells
Dx: only through endoscopy and biopsy |
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Term
| Esophageal adenocarcinoma (Morph) |
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Definition
DISTAL third of the esophagus
Appears flat or raised patches in intact mucosa
Barrett esophagus is a precursor
H. pylori may decrease risk |
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Term
| Esophageal adenocarcinoma (General + S/S) |
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Definition
Whites, 7x more in men
p53, c-ERB-B2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E
Dysphagia and Odynophagia, weight loss, hematemesis, chest pain, vomiting
Can be invasive, usually to the lymphnoids by the time it is diagnosed |
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Term
| Squamous cell carcinoma (Morph) |
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Definition
MID-ESOPHAGUS
Moderately to well-differentiated
Small, gray-white, plaque-like thickenings; generally large at diagnosis and have invaded the esophageal wall
Prefers metastasis to mediastinal, paratracheal, or tracheobronchial nodes |
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Term
| Squamous cell carcinoma (S/S) |
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Definition
Dysphagia
Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
Obstruction
Extreme weight loss
Hemorrhage and sepsis |
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Term
| Leiomyoma of the esophagus |
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Definition
| Benign tumor of the esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Papilloma tumor of the esophagus where HPV is implicated |
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Term
|
Definition
Mucosal erosion, Ulceration, hemorrhage, hematemesis, melena, massive blood loss
Caused by H. pylori, chemotherapy |
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Term
|
Definition
Surface epithelium intact
Scattered neutrophils |
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Term
| Acute gastric ulcerations |
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Definition
Hypoxic destruction of epithelium
Anywhere in the stomach
Usually multiple
NO FIBROSIS |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in individuals with shock, sepsis, or severe trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in people with severe burns or trauma
Proximal duodenum |
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Term
|
Definition
Individuals with intracranial disease
Found in the gastric, duodenal, and esophageal ares
High incidence of perforation |
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Term
|
Definition
H. pylori
Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and stress |
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Term
|
Definition
G- bacilli
Flagella
Urease
Adhesins
Toxins (CagA)- associated with gastric cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Antral gastritis with high acid production
Pit abscesses
INTRAEPITHELIAL NEUTROPHILS AND SUBEPITHELIAM PLASMA CELLS |
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Term
|
Definition
multifocal mucosal atrophy
reduced acid secretion
intestinal metaplasia
increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma |
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Term
|
Definition
Antibiotics
Proton pump inhibitors |
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Term
|
Definition
Attacks the oxyntic (parietal) cells
Decreased secretion of acid with HYPERGASTINEMIA
Vit B12 déficience |
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Term
| Autoimmune gastritis (Morph) |
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Definition
Damage of oxyntic mucosa
mucosa of fundus and body are thinned
megaloblastic epithelium and RBC's |
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Term
|
Definition
peripheral neuropathy
megaloblastic nuclei
ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS (tongue becomes smooth and beefy red) |
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Term
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Definition
Foveolar hyperplasia + Mucosal edema
Brought on by chemical injury
"Watermelon stomach" due to gastric antral vascular ectasia |
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Term
| Gastris Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE) |
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Definition
"Watermelon stomach"
Stripes of edematous erythematous mucosa
Due to antral trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
Tissue damage due to dense infiltrates of eosinophils
Antral or pyloric region
Peripheral eosinophilia
Due to allergens (cow's milk, soy, drugs) |
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Term
|
Definition
Women, Entire stomach
Anorexia
Variolifrom gastritis (thickened folds covered by small nodules with central aphthous ulceration)
Lymphocytic! |
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Term
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Definition
Any gastritis that developed granules
Due to Infections by:
Mycobacteria, fungi, CMV, and H. pylori |
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Term
|
Definition
H. pylori and NSAID's
Duodenal ulcers more common in alcoholics, COPD, HPThyroid, and C. renal failure |
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Term
| Peptic ulcer disease (Morph) |
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Definition
.3-.6 cm.
Sharply punched-out defect; level borders fall into ulcer
Perforation is seen with free air under diaphragm |
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Term
|
Definition
Middle-old age
Iron deficiency, frank hemorrhage, or perforation
Burning aching pain
Significant weight loss and excessive belching |
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Term
| Gastritis cystica polyposa |
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Definition
| Cysts development in the submucosa |
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Term
| Gastritis cystica profunda |
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Definition
| Cysts develop in the deeper layers of the gastric wall |
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Term
|
Definition
Excessive TGF-a
Diffuse hyperplasia of the body and fundus
Hypoproteinemia
Weight loss, diarrhea, and peripheral edema |
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Term
|
Definition
Hyperplasia of foveolar mucous cells (CORK SCREW APPEARANCE)
Irregular enlargement of gastric rugae |
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Term
| Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome |
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Definition
Gastrin secreting tumors (Gastrinomas: 60-90% malig)
Small intestine or pancreas
Duodenal ulcers or chronic diarrhea
Increase numbers of parietal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Polyps with a smooth surface in the STOMACH
Due to H. pylori with regression after eradication
1 cm, ovoid, elongated foveolar glands
1.5 cm should be resected |
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Term
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Definition
| RESULT OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR, causing glandular hyperplasia |
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Term
|
Definition
Gastric body and fundus
Well-circumscribed with smooth surface
Usually multiple
Lined by parietal and chief cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Usually solitary lesion <2cm
ANTRUM
Gladnular budding and gland-within-gland (cribiform) structures |
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Term
|
Definition
Most common malignancy of stomach
Loss of E cadherin function
Mutations of p53 and B-catenin
ANTRUM |
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Term
| Gastric adenocarcinoma (Intestinal morph) |
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Definition
| Bulky tumors composed of glandular structures |
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Term
| Gastric adenocarcinoma (Diffuse morph) |
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Definition
Composed of "signet-ring cells"
Mucin lakes around the cells
Desmoplastic reaction stiffens the gastric wall
LEATHER BOTTLE APPEARANCE (linitis plastica) |
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Term
|
Definition
MALToma
NF-kB dysregulation
Express B cell marks: CD19 AND 20 |
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Term
|
Definition
Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors
Tumors may invade deeply to involve the mesentery
GI tract, especially the small intestines
Midgut tumors are the most aggressive |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by vasoactive compounds secreted by a special neuroendocrine tumor into the systemic circulation |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) |
|
Definition
In children, CARNEY TRIAD: gastric GIST, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma
Mutation is in the c-kit gene (tyrosine kinase) |
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Term
| Interstitial cells of Cajal |
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Definition
| Serve as pacemaker for the gastric musculature |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) (Morph) |
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Definition
As big as 30 cm in diameter
Spread outside the abdomen is uncommon
Multiple serosal nodules throughout the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) (S/S) |
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Definition
Mass effect
Blood loss
Anemia
Tx: IMATINIB |
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