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| A publicly funded project that was completed in 2003 to fully sequence the Human Genome. |
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| A field developed to analyze DNA sequences using complex mathematics and computer programs |
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| An approach to DNA sequencing in which genetic markers are mapped and DNA sequences are aligned by matching overlapping sites of known sequence. |
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| Bacterial Artificial Chromosome |
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| A DNA cloning vector used in bacteria that can carry up to 150,000 base pairs of foreign DNA |
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| All of the cloned DNA fragments generated by the action of a restriction endonuclease on a genome |
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| A relatively rapid method of DNA sequencing in which a DNA molecule is broken up into overlapping fragments , each fragment is sequenced and high speed computers analyze and realign the fragments |
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| High-Throughput Sequencing |
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| Rapid DNA sequencing on a micro scale in a which many fragments of DNA are sequenced in parallel. |
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| Biological Discipline that assigns functions to the products of genes |
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| Compares genome sequences from different organisms |
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| Segments of DNA that can move from place to place in the genome |
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| Longer transposable elements that carry additional genes |
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| Analyzing genes without isolating the intact organism |
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| Difference Between Eukaryotic Genomes and Prokaryotic Genomes |
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Eukaryotic Genomes Larger with more protein coding genes
Eukaryotic Genomes have more regulatory sequences and regulatory proteins
Much of Eukaryotic DNA is noncoding
Eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes |
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| 3 must haves of a chromosome |
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Origin of Replication (ori) that is recognized by replication machinery
A centromere region that holds the replicated chromosomes together before mitosis
A telomeric sequence at each end of the chromosome that maintains chromosome integrity |
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| Groups of closely related genes |
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| nonfunctional genes-"fake" genes |
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| Highly Repetitive Sequences |
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| Short Sequences that are repeated thousands of times in tandem arrangements in the genome |
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| Moderately Repetitive Sequences |
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| Repeated 10-1000 times in the eukaryotic genome |
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SINEs (Short Interspersed Elements)
LINEs (Long Interspersed Elements)
Retrotransposons
DNA Transposons |
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bout 500 base pairs long
transcribed but not translated |
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up to 7000 bp
some transcribed and translated |
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SINEs and LINEs are retrotransposons
make RNA copies of themselves when they move about the genome
Some encode proteins needed for transposition and others dont |
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Dont use RNA intermediates
They are excised form one location and inserted into another without being replicated |
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| a piece of a chromosome with a set of SNPs that are usually inherited as a unit |
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| Used to identify SNPs that are linked to genes involving disease. |
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| The study of how an individual's genome affects his/her response to drugs or other outside agents |
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The sum total of all of the proteins produced by an organism
More complex than a genome |
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| 2 Techniques use to analyze proteome |
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2D Gel Electrophoresis -separates based on size and charge
Mass spectrometry-identifies proteins by atomic mass |
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| Quantitative description of all of the small molecules in a cell or organism. Include primary and secondary metabolites |
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| Involved in normal processes (intermediates in glycolysis) Also includes hormones and other signaling molecules |
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| Often unique to particular organisms or groups of organisms. Often involved in special responses to the environment |
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| Human Genome Project Used these 2 Sequencing Methods |
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| Hierarchical and Shotgun Sequencing |
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| Sanger Method of DNA Sequencing |
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| Uses modified nucleotides followed by separation of fragments. DNA fragments are sequenced using chemically modified nucleosides(ddNTPs). Added by DNA Polymerase to a polynucleotide chain but synthesis stops because ddNTP has no hydroxyl group on the 3' position. Gel Electrophoresis with fluorescent tags that are analyzed and subsequently sequenced after computer analyzes them |
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| Genome Sequence Information is Used to Identify what? |
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Open Reading Frames or coding regions
Amino Acid Sequences of Proteins
Regulatory Sequences
RNA genes
Other noncoding sequences |
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