Term
| What was the Republican Party's organizational arm in the South known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did freedmen join the Union League and support the Republican Party? |
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Definition
- To press for more autonomy for the black workforce
- Agitate for land confiscation
- Work for better labor contracts for freedmen
- Push for land redistribution |
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Term
| What was the night-riding organization determined to limit the political and economic gains of freedmen during Reconstruction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What resulted from the destruction of slavery? |
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Definition
| The spread of sharecropping and tenant farming across the South |
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Term
| What resulted from Federal Reconstruction policies? |
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Definition
| The passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act |
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Term
| What did the Civil War confirm? |
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Definition
| The Civil War confirmed that the federal government took precedence over the individual states |
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Term
| What was the major issue of Reconstruction? |
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Definition
| How to regularize relations between the former confederate states and the US federal government |
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Term
| What was the consuming passion of most white southerners following the Civil War? |
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Definition
| Re-establishing white supremacy and the old social order in the South |
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Term
| What was President Lincoln's reconstruction plan designed to do? |
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Definition
| Bring states back into the Union as swiftly as possible protecting private property and opposing harsh punishments |
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Term
| What was Lincoln's plan for re-admitting states to the Union known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Congressional Plan for Reconstruction, proposed in 1864 in response to Lincoln's reconstruction plan, known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Lincoln kill the Radical Republicans' bill? |
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Definition
| A pocket veto (was not given the full 10 days to consider bill) |
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Term
| What did Johnson's Reconstruction Plan seek to do? |
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Definition
- Extend pardons and restore property rights to Southerners who swore an oath of allegiance to the Union
- Wanted to restore the Union as quickly as possible
- Wanted to restore the domain of the executive branch |
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Term
| What was the goal of Johnson's Reconstruction policy? |
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Definition
| Restore the Union as quickly as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Laws passed by Southern states to restrict the freedom of blacks |
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Term
| To what does the phrase, "waving the bloody shirt" refer? |
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Definition
| The Republican political tactic of reminding northern voters of Union casualties during the Civil War |
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Term
| According to the map of the Reconstruction of the South, 1866-1877, all o the former Confederate states were readmitted to the Union by what year? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the map of the Reconstruction of the South, 1866-1877, which former Confederate state was not placed in one of five military districts in 1867? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the First Reconstructive Act passed in 1867 do? |
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Definition
- Divide the South into 5 military districts, each under a major general and enfranchised (gave the right to vote) blacks
- Required Southern states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in order to enter the Union
- Overturned the Presidential Reconstruction Process
- Required the Southern states to have new state constitutional conventions to rewrite constitutions |
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Term
| The foundations of the modern African-American community were based on what two major institutions of slave culture? |
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Definition
| The family and the church |
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Term
| Why did emancipation alter gender roles for African-Americans? |
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Definition
- African American men who served in the Union army played a more direct role in achieving emancipation than black women
- Freedmen's Bureau agents identified males as heads of households and established higher wage scales for them
- African-American editors, preachers and politicians quoted the biblical injunction that wives submit to their husbands
- African-American women wanted to subject themselves to more of a household role |
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Term
| What institutions or rights were central to African-American concepts of freedom? |
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Definition
- Churches controlled by the African-American community
- Access to education
- Control of land
- Self-determination of work schedules |
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Term
| How did most African-Americans seek economic self-sufficiency? |
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Definition
| Through ownership of land |
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Term
| What do the maps of the Barrow Plantation show in regard to how, as a result of emancipation, those that worked the land now lived? |
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Definition
| On plots scattered across the former plantations |
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Term
| To what does the term "sharecropping" refer? |
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Definition
| The system under which individual families contracted with landowners to work for a plot of land in return for a portion of the resulting crop |
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Term
| What were the primary goals of politically involved African-Americans during the Reconstruction era? |
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Definition
| Equality before the law and A guarantee of suffrage |
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Term
| In the Reconstruction era, most freedmen supported the candidates of what party in elections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Union League chapters do? |
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Definition
-Encouraged African-Americans to vote
-Promoted Republican candidates for office
-Instructed freedmen in the rights and duties of citizenship
-Assembled groups to campaign for the right to vote |
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Term
| In what political solution to the problems of the South did the majority of Republicans put their faith? |
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Definition
| They put their faith in a political solution to the problems of the South that meant in a viable 2 party system in the region |
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Term
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Definition
| White, Northern, middle-class emigrants who went South after the Civil war to reform and modernize the South and to make their own fortunes |
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Term
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Definition
| Native southern whites who joined the Republican party and worked with freedmen and Northerners who came to make their fortune |
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Term
| Why did some Southerners join the Republican party? |
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Definition
- Former Whigs who had hoped to regain political influence through the Republican Party
- Southerners who saw the Republican Party as an agent of modernization and economic expansion
- opponents of secession who sought help in bringing relief from debt and wartime devastation
- Enemies of the planter elite |
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Term
| What did the Southern state constitutions written during Reconstruction do? |
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Definition
- Created the first state-funded systems of Education in the South
- Abolished property qualifications for office holding and jury service
- Required the establishment of orphanages, penitentiaries and homes for the insane
- Expanded democracy and the public role of the state |
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Term
| Faced with violence and terrorism in the south, and at the behest of Southern Republicans, what act did the federal government pass? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 1875 measure outlawed racial discrimination in public places? |
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Definition
| The Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
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Term
| What term was used to describe southern states when conservative Democrats took control of them away from the Republican Reconstruction regimes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did African-Americans face once a Southern state was taken control of by conservative Democrats? |
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Definition
- Obstacles to voting
- Cuts in social services
- More controls on plantation labor
- Clashed with armed whites |
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Term
| What did the Supreme Court rule in the Slaughterhouse cases? |
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Definition
| Said that the Fourteenth Amendment only protected National Citizenship Rights and not regulating powers of states |
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Term
| What did the Supreme Court rule in 1873, in regard to the original intent of the Fourteenth Amendment? |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court denied the original intent of the Fourteenth Amendment, which was to prohibit state infringement of national citizenship rights |
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Term
| What did the Supreme Court rule in United States vs. Reese and United States vs. Cruikshank? |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment only applied to discrimination by the states |
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Term
| To what does the term "crop lien" refer? |
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Definition
| The money advanced to poor Southern farmers that was guaranteed by their future harvest |
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Term
| Who made up the new elite class that arose in the South during and after the Reconstruction and which based its power on the control of credit and marketing? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the map, where were most counties with large percentages of sharecropped land found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What led to the development of a large, unskilled labor class in the North? |
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Definition
- The increase in the arrival of unskilled immigrants
- The spread of the factory system
- The growth of large and powerful corporations
- The Rapid expansion of capitalist enterprise |
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Term
| What measure gave huge grants of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific to build a transcontinental railroad? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the primary source of funds for the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads? |
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Definition
| Federal government land grants and subsidies |
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Term
| What groups of Americans, working in gangs, made up most of the workers employed by the Union Pacific? |
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Definition
| African-Americans and Irish |
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Term
| The Central Pacific employed laborers, primarily from what country? |
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Definition
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Term
| To help the Central Pacific acquire laborers, in 1868 the United States Senate ratified what measure, which gave the Chinese the right to emigrate to the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 1868 treaty primarily impacted the Western United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 prohibit? |
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Definition
| Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years |
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Term
| What act did Congress pass in 1882 in response to anti-Chinese agitation by western politicians and unions? |
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Definition
| The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 |
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Term
| At what location in Utah were the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads joined by a golden spike on May 10, 1869? |
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Definition
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Term
| What railroads were built in addition to the Union pacific? |
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Definition
- The Great Northern
- The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe
- The Southern Pacific
- The Central Pacific |
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Term
| Why did railroad corporations form pools? |
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Definition
| To set rates and divide market |
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Term
| Who were the prominent railroad executives of the Gilded Age? |
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Definition
- Cornelius Vanderbilt
- Collis P. Huntington
- Jay Gould
- James J. Hill |
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Term
| In what ways did Congress encourage the construction of railroads? |
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Definition
Through:
- Land grants
- Loans
- Tax incentives
- Financing deals |
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Term
| What company was involved in the worst scandal of the Grant Administration, and what did the scandal involve? |
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Definition
Credit Mobilier Scandal
- Associated with the Union Pacific
- Involved the creation of a dummy construction company to divert funds intended for the construction of the Union Pacific into the hands of large investors |
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Term
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Definition
| The political cartoonist whose work appeared in Harper's Weekly and who attacked the dishonesty and corruption of the Tweed Ring |
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Term
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Definition
The New York Tribune editor and 1872 Liberal Republican/ Democratic candidate for president who coined the phrase, "root, hog, or die"
- This phrase, intended for freedmen, told them to be selfish and worry about themselves because no one would help them |
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Term
| What caused the Panic and Depression of 1873? |
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Definition
| Commercial expansion, especially in speculative investing in railroads |
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Term
| During the Depression of the 1870s, what term was coined to refer to the numerous men who took to the road in search of work? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the depression of the 1870s make Americans more aware and concerned about? |
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Definition
Their own class interests
- worried less about former slaves |
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Term
| What scandals plagued the Grant Administration in the 1870s and weakened republican credibility? |
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Definition
- The Credit Mobilier Scandal
- The Whiskey Ring
- Bribes for the sale of Indian trading places |
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Term
| How was the dispute over contested electoral votes in the 1876 election settled? |
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Definition
Congress appointed an electoral commission
- made up of 5 representatives, 5 senators, 5 Supreme Court justices
- 7 were Republicans, 7 Democrats, 1 Independent
- Hayes was awarded the votes and won the election |
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Term
| What does the map of the election of 1876 show? |
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Definition
| The returns of four states were contested |
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