Term
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Definition
| Kidneys renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| capillary bed that sends blood filtrate to the tubules |
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Term
| primary function of the kidneys |
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Definition
| regulation of the extracellular fluid material |
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Term
| In urine formation, kidneys regulate |
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Definition
1) volume of blood plasma (contribute to the reg. of blood pressure)
2)concentration of waste producs in plasma
3)Concentration of electrolytes (Na+, K+, HCO3-, etc)in plasma
4) pH of plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| contains many capillaries and outer parts of nephrons |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of renal pyramids separated by renal columns |
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Term
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Definition
| contains minor calyces which unite to form major calyces |
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Term
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Definition
| join to form renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| collects urine and conducts urine to ureters |
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Term
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Definition
| where blood enters kidney |
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Term
| flow of blood through renal blood vessels |
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Definition
| AortaRenal arterery interlobar arteries arcuate arteries interlobular arteries (into the cortex) afferent arterioles glomeruli (capillary network) efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries (capillary network) drained into veins (interlobar veins, arcurate veins, interlobular veins) interlobar veins leave kidney as single renal vein empties into INFERIOR VENA CAVA |
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Term
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Definition
| drains glomerulus and delivers blood to peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of kidney; responsible for forming urine |
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Term
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Definition
| originate in outer 2/3 or cortex |
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Term
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Definition
originate in inner 1/3 cortex
have long LHs
important in producing concentrated urine |
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Term
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Definition
| where tubular part of nephron begins |
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Term
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Definition
| glomerular capsule -> Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) -> descending limbs of loop of Henle --> ascending limbs of Loop of Henle -> distal convoluted tubule (DCT) -> emptied into collecting duct (CD) |
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Term
| Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule |
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Definition
surrounds glomerulus
where glomerular filtration occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Bowman's capsule + glomerulus |
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Term
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Definition
passes into proximal convoluted tubule
fluid that enters glomerular capsule, whose filtration was driven by blood pressure |
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Term
| Glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
term used to describe the glomerular capillaries having large pores b/w its endothelial cells
big enough to allow any plasma molecule to pass |
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Term
| 3 layers of glomelular filtration |
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Definition
- fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries
-basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of the other layers
-Visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
filtrate must pass through this narrow space to enter tubule
formed b/w pedicels of podocytes of glomerular capsule
lined with negative charges to repel negatively charged proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| are mostly excluded from the filtrate b/c of large size and negative charge |
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Term
| albumin (and some other proteins) |
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Definition
| normally enters the filtrate, but most protein is reabsorbed by receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a lot protein in the urine |
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Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
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Definition
volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute
-Avg in women = 115ml/min
-avg in men = 125 ml/min
-toals about 180L/day (45 gallons)
most filtered water must be reabsorbed or death would ensue from water lost through urination |
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Term
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Definition
| needed substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| everything is reabsorbed, including wasts that are normally disposed of |
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Term
| Regulation of GFR controlled by 3 mechanisms: |
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Definition
-Renal autoregulation (instinsic system)
-Neural controls
-Hormonal mechanism (the renin-angiotensin system) |
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Term
| Vasoconstriction/dilation of afferent arterioles |
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Definition
| affects rate of blood flow to glomeruli and thus GFR |
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Term
| increased resistance in afferent arteriole |
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Definition
decreased renal blood flow
decreased GFR
increased blood flow to other organs
decreased capillary blood pressure
decreased pH |
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Term
| increased resistance in efferent arteriole |
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Definition
decreased renal blood flow
increased pH
increased GFR
increased flow to other organs |
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Term
| decreased resistance in afferent |
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Definition
increased GFR
raise pH
decrease flow to other organs
increase renal blood flow |
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Term
| increase afferent constricton |
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Definition
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Term
| increase efferent constriction |
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Definition
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Term
| equation form amount of solute excreted |
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Definition
| amount filtered (F) - amount reabsorbed (R) - amount secreted (S) = amount of solute excreted (E) |
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Term
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Definition
blood to lumen
happens in bowman's capsule |
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Term
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Definition
lumen to blood
happens in proximal tubule, loop of henle, disatl tubule |
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Term
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Definition
blood to lumen
happens after collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
| a fructose polymer useful for measuring GFR b/c it is neither reabsorbed or secreted |
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Term
| rate at which a substance is filtered by glomeruli |
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Definition
Quantity filtered = GFR X P
-p = inulin concentration in plasma
Quantity excreted (mg/min) = U X V
-V=rate of urine formation; U = inulin concentration in urine
amount filtered = amount excreted
GFR = (V X U)/P |
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Term
| autoregulation entails 2 types of control |
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Definition
1)myogenic
2)flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to changes in pressure in the renal blood vessels |
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Term
| Flow-dependent tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Definition
| senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
allows kidney to maintain a constant GFR over wide range of BPs
achieved via effects of locally produced chemicals on afferent arterioles |
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Term
| when avg BP drops to 70 mmHg |
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Definition
| afferent arterioles dilates |
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Term
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Definition
| afferent arterioles consrict |
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Term
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Definition
constricts afferent arterioles
helps maintain BP and shunts blood to heart and muscles |
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Term
| tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Definition
| maintains renal autoregulation by negative feedback b/w afferent arteriole and volume of filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that senses increased flow of filtrate in thick ascending LH
-signals afferent arterioles to constrict |
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Term
| renal handling of substances |
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Definition
filtraion
reabsorption
-partial
-complete
secretion |
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Term
| proximal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
reabsorption of salt and H2O
returns most molecues and h2o from filtrate back to peritubular capillaries |
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Term
| average daily urine excretion |
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Definition
1-2L / 24 hours
minimum 400 ml/day (obligatory water loss) |
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Term
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Definition
| return of filtered molecules |
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Term
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Definition
needed for reabsorption of H2O by osmosis to occur
achieved by AT of Na+ out of filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
permeable to H2O
IMPERMEABLE to, and does not Actively Transport SALTS |
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Term
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Definition
IMPERMEABLE to H2O
permeable to salt; thick part of Active Transport salt out of filtrate |
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Term
| in order for H2O to be reabsorbed.. |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid must be HYPERosmotic |
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Term
| the concentration gradient in the kidney |
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Definition
| results largely from loop of Henle which allows interaction b/w descending and ascending limbs |
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Term
| countercurrent flow and proximity |
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Definition
| allow descending and ascending limbs of LH to interact in a way that causes osmolality to build in medulla |
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Term
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Definition
in thick ascending LH raises osmolality around descending limb, causing more H2O to diffuse out of filtrate
-raises osmolality of filtrate in descending limb which causes more concnentrated filtrate to be delivered to ascending limb
-as this concentrated filtrate is subjected to active transport of salts, it causes even higher osmolality around descending limb (POSITIVE FEEDBACK)
-process repeats until osmolaity of medulla is 1400 |
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Term
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Definition
important component of countercurrent multiplier
recirculates salt, trapping some in medulla interstitial flud
reabsorbs H2O coming out of descending limb
permeable to salt, h2o (via aquaporins), and urea |
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Term
| descending section of vasa recta |
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Definition
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Term
| ascending section of vasa recta |
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Definition
| has fenestrated capillaries |
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Term
| Active transport in Ascending Limb LH |
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Definition
NaCl is actively extruded from thick ascending limb into interstitial fluid
Na+ diffuses into tubular cell with SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF K+ and Cl-
occurs at a ratio of 1 Na+ and 1 K+ to 2 Cl-
Na+ is actively transported across basolateral membrane by Na/K pump
Cl- passively follows Na+ down electrical gradient
K+ passively diffuses back into filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
| contributes to high osmolality in medulla |
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Term
| Deep region collecting duct |
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Definition
| permeable to urea and transports it |
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Term
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Definition
IMPERMEABLE to salt in the medulla
permability to h2o depends on level of ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to ability of kidney to remove substances frm blood and excrete them in urine |
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Term
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Definition
refers to ability of kidney to remove substances frm blood and excrete them in urine
occurs by filtration and secretion |
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Term
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Definition
opposite of reabsorption
substances from vasa recta are transported into tubule and excreted
increases renal clearance |
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Term
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Definition
| decreases renal clearance |
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Term
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Definition
| excretion rate =(filtration rate + secretion rate) - reabsorption rate |
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Term
| many drugs, toxins, and metabolites are secreted by |
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Definition
| membrane transportes in the proximal convoluted tube |
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Term
| membrane transporters in the Proximal Convoluted Tube |
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Definition
transport oraganic anion and cation molecules
-determines the half life of many therapeutic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
foreign molecules
many are eliminated by membrane transporters in the proximal convoluted tube |
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Term
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Definition
| is volume of plasma from which a substance is completely removed/min by excretion in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| if substance is filtered but not reabsorbed, then all filtered will be excreted |
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Term
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Definition
| if substance is filtered and reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| if substance is filtered but also secreted and excreted |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
40-60% of filtered urea is always reabsorbed
is passive process b/c of presence of carriers for facilitative diffusion of urea |
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Term
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Definition
used to measure total renal blood flow
totally cleared by a single pass through a nepron
must be both filtered and secreted |
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Term
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Definition
used to measure total renal blood flow
totally cleared by a single pass through a nepron
must be both filtered and secreted |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| normally 100% reabsorbed from filtrate |
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Definition
| filtered glucose and amino acids |
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Term
| glucose and amino acid reabsorption |
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Definition
| occurs in PCT by carrier mediated cotransport with Na+ |
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Term
| Transporter in glucose and amino acid reabsorption |
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Definition
| displays saturation if ligand concentration in filtrate is too high |
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Term
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Definition
| level needed to saturate carriers and chieve maximum transport rate |
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Term
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Definition
| is presence of glucose in urine |
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Term
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Definition
| has to exceed renal plasma threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose >200-300mg/100ml plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when hyperglycemia results in glycosuria |
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Term
| kidneys regulate levels of ... |
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Definition
| Na+, K+, Cl-, H+, HCO3-, and P04-3 by matching excretion to ingestion |
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Term
| control of plasma Na+ is important in |
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Definition
| regulation of blood volume and pressure |
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Term
| control of plasma K+ is important in |
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Definition
| proper function of cardiac and skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
controls K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorpton
regulates reabsorption in DCT and cortical CD |
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Term
| in the absence of aldosterone |
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Definition
| 80% of remaining Na+ is reabsorbed in DCT and cortical CD |
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Term
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Definition
| all remaining Na+ is reabsorbed (100%) |
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Term
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Definition
is the only way that K+ ends up in the urine
directed by aldosterone and occurs in DCT and cortical CD |
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Term
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Definition
| will increase aldosterone and K+ secretion |
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Term
| jusctaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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Definition
| specialized region in each nephron where afferent arteriole comes in contact with thick ascending limb LH |
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Term
| juxtaglomerular cells associated with afferent arteriole entering the renal glomerulus are |
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Definition
| the primary site of renin storgae and release in the body |
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Term
| reduction in afferent arteriole pressure causes |
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Definition
| the release of renin from the JG cells |
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Term
| increase in afferent arteriole pressure causes |
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Definition
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Term
| Beta1-adrenoceptors located on the JG cells |
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Definition
| respond to sympathetic nerve stimulation by releasing renin |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cells of distal tubules lie adjacent to the JG cells of afferent arteriole |
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Term
| maculla densa cells respond to levels of Na+ in filtrate by |
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Definition
inhibit renin secretion when Na+ levels are high
cause less aldosterone secretion, more Na+ excretion
a reduction in tubulare NaCl stimulates renin to release the JG cells |
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Term
| prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGI2) |
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Definition
stimulate renin release in response to reduced NaCl transport across the macula densa
serves as an important mech. contributing to the release of renin when there is afferent arteriole HYPOtension |
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Term
| renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system |
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Definition
| activated by release of renin from granular cells w/in afferent arteriole |
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Term
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Definition
| angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
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Term
| angiotensin-converting enzyme converts |
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Definition
| angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates release of aldosterone by acting on adrenal cortex, which in turns acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and fluid retension |
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Term
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Definition
constricts resistance vessels (via AII[AT1]receptors) thereby increasing systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure
acts on adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
stimulates the release of vasopressin (ADH) from posterior pituitary, which increases fluid retension by the kidneys
stimulate thirst centers within the brain
facilitates norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings and inhibitis norepinephrine re-uptake by nerve endings, thereby enhancing sympathetic function
stimulates cardiac hypertrophy and vascular hypertrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| is a proteolytic enzyme that is released into the circulation primarily by the kidneys |
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Term
| renin release is stimulated by |
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Definition
sympathetic nerve activation (via b1-adrenoceptors)
renal artery hyotension (caused by systemic hypotesnion or renal artery stenosis)
decreased sodium delivery to the distal tubules of the kidney |
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Term
| angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) |
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Definition
used to treat high blood pressure and some related condition: congestive heart failure and diabetic kidney disease
blocks AT1 receptor
directly causes blood vessels to relax, which lowers BP
stops the production of other molecues which can act to increase BP |
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Term
| inadequate intake of NaCl always causes |
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Definition
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Term
| atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Definition
produced by atria due to stretching of walls
acts opposite aldosterone
stimulates salt and H2O excretion
acts as endogenous diuretic |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by post pituitary in response to dehydration
stimuatles insertion of aquaporins into plasma membrane of CD |
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Term
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Definition
h2o is drawn out of CD by high osmolality of interstitial fluid
and reabsorbed by vasa recta |
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Term
| Na+ reabsorption in the DCT and CD |
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Definition
| creates electrical gradient for H+ and K+ secretion |
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Term
| when excreacellular H+ increases |
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Definition
| H+ moves into cells causing K+ to diffuse out and vice ve |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| H+ is secreted at expense of K+ |
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Term
| kidneys help regulate blood pH by |
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Definition
| excreting H+ and/or reabsorbing HCO3- |
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Term
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Definition
| across walls of PCT in exchange for Na+ (Na+/H+ antiporter) |
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Term
| reabsorption of HCO3- in PCT is |
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Definition
| indirect b/c apical membranes of PCT cells are impermable to HCO3- |
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Term
| Normal urine is slightly acidid (5-7( |
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Definition
| b/c kidneys reabsorb almost all HCO3- and excrete H+ |
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Term
| nephron cannot produce urine with pH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| buffering H+s with HPO4-2 or NH3 before excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in tubule by deaminating amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| enters tubule during filtration |
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Term
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Definition
HPO4-2 + H+ --> H2PO4-
NH3 + H+ --> NH4+ (ammonium ion) |
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Term
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Definition
used to lower blood volume b/c of hypertension, congestive heart failure, or edema
increase volume of urine by increasing proprtion of glomerular filtrate that is excreted |
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Term
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Definition
| most powerful; inhibit AT salt in thick ascending limb of LH |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit NaCl reabsorption in 1st part of DCT |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit NaCl reabsorption in 1st part of DCT |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit NaCl reabsorption in 1st part of DCT |
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Term
| Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Definition
| prevent H2O reabsorption in PCT when HCOs- is reabsorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| increase osmotic pressure of filtrate |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of kidneys to excrete waste and regulate blood volume, pH, and electrolytes is impaired |
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Term
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Definition
rise in blood urea nitrogen
rise in blood creatine and decrease in plasma clearance of creatinine
can result from artheroxclerosis, inflammation of tubules, kidney ischemia, and overuse of NSAIDs |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of glomeruli
autoimmune attack against glomerular capillary basement
-causes leakage of protein into urine resulting in decreased colloid osmotic pressure and resulting edema |
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Term
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Definition
nephrons have been destroyed as a result of a disease
salt and H2o retention and uremia (high plasma urea levels)
treatment = hemodialysis |
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Term
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Definition
smooth muscle wall in the bladder associated with micturition reflex (urination)
innervated and controlled by parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| stretch of the detrussor muscle can cause spontaneous APs and contration |
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Term
| drugs for overactive bladders |
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Definition
| target muscarinic receptors |
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Term
| action of internal and external urethral sphincters are regulated by |
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Definition
| reflex center located in sacral part of cord |
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