Term
| Autonomic Nervous System - ANS |
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Definition
| regulates body temperature and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions. |
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Term
physiological
subconscious |
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Definition
routine ____ adjustments to systems are made by the ANS operating at the _____ level.
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Term
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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Definition
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Term
active
releases neurotransmitter
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Definition
| ANS generally are always ___, can activate or inhibit an organ, r_____ n____, and causes short term changes. |
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Term
| thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| t____, h____, l___ s____, c____ c____ are brain regions that affect ANS regulatory activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ANS, like the somatic nervous system, has ____ & ____ neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| However in the ANS, the afferent pathways originate in v___ r____. |
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Term
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Definition
In the ANS, the efferent pathways connect to v___ e___ o____.
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Term
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Definition
| the ANS differs from the SNS in the arrangement of the neurons connecting the c___ n__ s___ to the e___ o___. |
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Term
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Definition
| visceral motor neurons in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| preganglionic neurons send axons to synapse on g___ n___. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the a____ g___ outside the CNS. |
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Term
| thoracolumbar (symathetic) division |
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Definition
| Visceral efferents from the thoracic and lumbar segments form the t____ (sympathetic) d_____. |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic division is the _____ or _____ system. |
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Term
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Definition
1. stimulates tissue metabolism
2. increases alertness
3. prepares the body to deal with emergencies. |
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Term
| craniosacral (parasympathetic) division |
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Definition
| visceral efferents leaving the brain stem and sacral segments form the c_____ (parasympathetic) division. |
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Term
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Definition
| parasympathetic is the ____ & ____ system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Both parasympathetic & sympathetic division affect target organs via ______. |
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Term
| stimulatory or inhibitory. |
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Definition
| Membrane receptors determine whether the response will be s____ or i_____. |
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Term
release acethlcholine
excitatory |
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Definition
Generally, neurotransmitter effects are as follows: #1
All preganglionic terminals release a_____ (Ach, widely used neurotransmitter in ANS) & are e_____. |
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Term
postganglionic
inhibitory |
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Definition
Generally, neurotransmitter effects are as follows: #2
p____ parasympathetic terminals release Ach and effects may be excitatory or i_____.
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Term
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Definition
Generally, neurotransmitter effects are as follows: #3
most postganglionic sympathetic terminals realease n____ and effects are usually excitatory. |
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Term
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Definition
| D_____ I____ is when vital organs (except sweat glands) receive instruction from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
consists of preganglionic neurons between the spinal cord segments ___ & ___. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic receptors include a___ and b____ receptors.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Beta receptors are sensitive to e____.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Beta receptors are unresponsive to n_____.
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Term
| inhibition or excitation. |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Beta receptors may produce either i___ or e___.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic chains consist of about ___ cervical.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic chains consist of about ___-___ thoracic.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic chains consist of about ___ - ____ lumbar.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic chains consist of about ___ - ___ sacral ganglia.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic chains consist of about __ coccygeal sympathetic ganglion in each sympathetic chain.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Every spinal nerve has a g___ r____ that carries s____ postganglionic fibers.
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Term
thoracic
superior lumbar ganglia
white |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
In summary: #1
Only t___ and s___ l___ ganglia receive preganglionic fibers by way of w___ rami.
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Term
cervical
inferior lumbar
sacral chain ganglia |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
In summary: #2
the c___, i___ l___ and s___ chain ganglia receive preganglionic innervation from collateral fibers of sympathetic neurons.
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
In summary: #3
Every spinal nerve receives a g__ ramus from a ganglion off the sypathetic chain.
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Term
Cardiovascular
respiratory |
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Definition
An increase in c____ and r___ activities are signs of sympathetic stimulation. |
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Term
pons
medulla oblongata
coughing reflex |
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Definition
| An increase in cardiovascular and respiratory activies in controlled by centers in p___, and m____ oblongata, which is a c____ reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
The c____ g___ innervates the stomach, liver, pancreas, and spleen. |
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Term
| superior insentreric ganglion |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
The s_____ i_____ ganglion innervates the small intestine and initial segments of the large intestine. |
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Term
| inferior mesenteric ganglion. |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
The i___ m___ ganglion innervates the kidney, bladder, sex organs, and terminal portions of the large intestine. |
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Term
preganglionic fibers
collateral |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Some p____ fibers do not synapse as they pass through both the sympathetic chain and c___ ganglia. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Instead, the preganglionic fibers enter one of the adrenal glands and synapse on modified neurons within the a____ m____. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
Sympathetic division has __ adrenal medullae. |
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Term
norepinephrine
epinephrine |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
(The adrenal medullae) These cells release n____ (NE) and e____ (E) into the circulation, causing a prolonged smpathetic innervation effect. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
In a crisis, the entire division responds, an event called s___ a___. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
In the sympathetic activation, the effects include increased alertness, a feeling of energy and e___, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activity, general e___ in muscle tone, and mobilization of energy reserves. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
S____ of the sympathetic division has ___ distinctive results. |
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Term
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
there are two distinctive results of stimulation of sympathetic division: #1
the r___ of norepinephrine (or in some cases, acetylcholine) at n____ junctions.
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Term
secretion
general circulation |
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Definition
Sympathetic Division:
there are two distinctive results of stimulation of sympathetic division: #2
The s___ of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the general c_____.
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Term
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Definition
The two classes of sympathetic receptors.
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Term
norepinephrine
epipinephrine |
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Definition
The two classes of sympathetic receptors are stimulated by both n____ and e____. |
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Term
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Definition
___ receptors responds to stimulation by depolarizing the membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
____ receptors respond to stimulation by changing metabolic activity of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine, which is also known as a_____. |
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Term
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Definition
Few postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine, which is also known for c_____. |
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Term
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Definition
p_____ fibers innervating sweat glands of the skin and blood vessels to skeletal muscles release ACh. |
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