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| Causes of abnormal behaviour |
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Definition
| genetic errors, epigentic mechanisms, progressive cell death, loss of neural function and connections |
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| behavioural disorder caused by elevated levels of the amino acid phenylalanine in the blood and resulting from a defect in the gene for the enzyme phenyalanine hydroxylase; major symptom is severe mental retardation |
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| Treatment for parkinsons can employ both approaches |
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Definition
First, an electrode is placed in motor thalamus and electric current is used to damage neurons responsible for producing the tremor characteristic
Second, is Deep Brain Stimulation: |
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Term
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Definition
| neurosurgery in which electrodes implanted in the brain stimulate a targets area with low-voltage electrical current to facilitate behaviour |
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Definition
| developed as a treatment for otherwise untreatable depression. Stimulates the production of a variety of neurotrophic factors, especially BDNF that in turn restore inactive cells to a more active mode |
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newer technique, uses magnetic rather electrical stimulation
TMS is a more foucsed tratement that ECT that can be applied narrowly to a focal area |
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| inability to stop the tongue or other body parts from moving; motor side effects of neuroleptic drugs |
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| treatment that applies learning principles, such as conditioning to eliminate unwanted behaviours |
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Definition
| psychotherapy based on the perspective that thoughts intervene between events and emotions, and thus the treatment of emotional disorders requires changing maladaptive patterns of thinking |
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| talking therapy derived from Freud and other psychological interventions |
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| behaviour modification technique in which individuals learn to change their behaviour by controlling their own patterns of brain activation |
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Definition
| a wound to the brain that results from a blow to head, is most common form of brain damage to people under 40 |
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Term
| magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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Definition
| modification of MRI to identify changes in specific markers of neuronal function; promising for accurate diagnosis of TBI |
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Definition
| an interruption of blood flow either from the blockage of a vessel or bleeding from a vessel |
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Definition
| lack of blood to the brain as a result of stroke |
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Definition
| drug used to try to block the cascade of poststroke neural events |
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| constraint induced therapy |
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Definition
| logic confronts a problem in poststroke recovery related to learned nonuse |
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Definition
| person suffers recurrent seizures that register on an EEG associated with disturbances of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| appears spontaneously and in the absence of other diseases of the CNS |
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Term
| 3 symptoms of an epileptic episdoe |
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Definition
o An aura/warning – feeling that seizure is going to occur
o Loss of consciousness – complete collapse to simply starting off into space. Often accompanied by amnesia
o Motor component – movements vary considerably, ex some people shake, others rub hands or chew |
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Term
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Definition
| seizure that begins locally (at a focus) and then spreads out to adjacent areas |
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Term
| complex partial seizures are characterized by 3 symptoms |
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Definition
o Subjective experiences – forced, repetitive thoughts, alterations in mood, feelings of déjà vu, hallucinations – before the attack
o Automatisms: unconscious, repetitive, stereotyped movement characteristic of a seizure
o Postural changes – person assumes a Catatonic Posture: rigid or frozen pose resulting from a psychomotor disturbance |
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Definition
| seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and stereotype motor activity |
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Term
| 4 stages of a grand mal seizure |
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Definition
| 1) tonic stage = body stiffens and breathing stops, (2) a clonic stage = rhythmic shaking, (3) post-seizure postictal depression: post seizure state of confusion and reduced affect, (4) a period of coma after the seizure ends |
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Term
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Definition
| seizure of brief duration, characterized by a loss of awareness with no motor activity except for blinking, turning the head, or rolling the eyes |
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Definition
| myelin encasing axons id damaged and the functions of neurons disrupted |
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Definition
| illness resulting from the loss of the immune system’s ability to discriminate between foreign pathogens in the body and the body itself |
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Definition
| acquired and persistent syndrome of intellectual impairment characterized by memory and other cognitive deficits and impairment in social and occupational functioning |
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Definition
| a heterogeneous group of disorders with diverse etiologies including diseases of vascular or endocrine systems, inflammation, nutritional deficiency, and toxic conditions, most prevalent is vascular |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 major symptoms are tremor, rigidity, loss of spontaneous movement, and disturbances in posture |
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Term
| positive symptoms of parkinson's disease |
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Definition
o Tremor at rest – alternating movements of the limbs occur when they are at rest and stop during voluntary movements or sleep
o Muscular Rigidity – increase muscle tone simultaneously in both extensor and flexor muscles, is evident when the limbs are moved passively at a joint. Complex passive flexion or extension of a joint occurs in a series of steps giving rise to the term cogwheel rigidity
o Involuntary movements – akathesia: small involuntary movements or changes in posture; motor restlessness |
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Term
| negative symptoms of parkinson's diease |
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Definition
o Disorders of posture – a disorder of fixation = presents as an inability/difficulty in maintaining a part of the body in its normal position in relation to other parts. Ex persons head may droop forward. Disorders of equilibrium = creates difficulties in standing or even sitting unsupported
o Disorders of rigidity – a person has difficulty in achieving a standing position from a supine position
o Disorders of locomotion – normal locomotion requires support of the body against gravity, stepping, balancing while the weight of the body is transferred from one leg to the other. Festination: tendency to engage in a behaviour, such as walking, at faster and faster speeds
o Speech disturbances – one symptom most noticeable to relatives is the almost complete absence of prosody in the speakers voice
o Akinesia – poverty or slowness of movement may also manifest itself in a blankness of facial expression, a lack of blinking or swinging arms when walking, a lack of spontaneous speech, or absence of normal fidgeting |
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Term
| 2 main objectives of pharmacological treatment |
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Definition
o To increase the activity in whatever dopamine synapses remain
o To suppress the activity in structures that show heightened activity in the absence of adequate dopamine action |
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Definition
| circular fibrous structure found in several neurodegenerative disorders; forms within the cytoplasm of neurons and is thought to result from abnormal neurofilament metabolism |
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Definition
| psychological disorders in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions |
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| positive symptoms that manifest behavioural excess (hallucinations and agitated movements) associated with acute onset, good prognosis, and favourable response to narcoleptics |
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Definition
| negative symptoms that entail behavioural deficits. Associated with chronic affliction, poor prognosis, poor responses to neuroleptics, cognitive impairments, enlarged ventricles and cortical atrophy |
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Definition
| noradrenergic and serotonergic activating systems modulate hormone secretion by HPA Axis |
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Definition
| problem focused, action-oriented, structured, treatment for eliminating dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive behaviours |
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Term
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Definition
| brain function enhancement by pharmacological, physiological, or surgical manipulation |
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