Term
| Evaluate both the conservative and progressive/liberal actions of the gubernational record of Beauford Jester |
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Definition
Postwar economy produced additional tax revenues which he used to increase funding for hospitals and orphanages
Conservative actions:
- In reaction to the rise in union and strikes: Signed right-to-work statute: placed strong limits on picketing, prohibiting strikes by public employees
Liberal actions-second term:
Most noteable being: Gilmer-Aikin Laws: overhauled TX public school system (more info on seperate card)
- anti-lynching bill
- failed proposal to abolish poll tax
- modernized prison facilities to alleviate crowding
- expansion of state highway system
- improved state mental hospitals
- improved schools for handicapped children
- Established Lamar College
- Established Texas State University for Negroes
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Term
| Evaluate both the conservative and progressive/liberal actions of the gubernational record of Allan Shivers |
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Definition
Conservative Actions:
- Increased individual consumer taxes to fund public services
- Did not increase taxes on oil and gas companies
- Refused to support '52 Liberal Dem. Presidential candidate--See Tidelands controversy
- Supported conservative candidate Eisenhower
- Poor insurance laws--unregulated under Shivers--led to collapse of several insurance companies
- Fed communist fears: Accused striking retail workers of being led by radical agitators
- Created commission to investigate communist influence in Gulf Coast labor unions.
- Proposed bill to make Communist party membership punishable by death--passed as a felony punishable by fine and prison time
- Segregationist--pledged to keep schools, communities segregated
- Last term: scandalous. Including the insurance company collapse and Veterans' Land Board failure
- Not enough oversight on state inssurance commissioners
- Ended term with very low approval ratings
Liberal Actions:
- funded road construction
- higher teacher salaries
- required car safety inspection and insurance
- Redrew legislative district boundaries due to growing urban/suburban pop. at expense of traditional rural power base.
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Term
| Evaluate both the conservative and progressive/liberal actions of the gubernational record of Price Daniel |
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Definition
Conservative actions:
- Tried to link labor union activity with the NAACP
- Proved to be a more moderate conservative
- signed 3 anti-integration measures, but did not enforce
Liberal Actions:
- funded state highways
- required registration of lobbyists
- encouraged water conservation
- increased teacher salaries
- established TX State Library and Archives Building
- FOR increase IN consumer taxes on tobaco, alcohol and biz taxes--REJECTED BY LEGISLATURE in favor of 2% state sales tax which greatly increased state revenue by 1970
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Term
Identify the importance of the:
Gilmer-Aikin Laws |
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Definition
Largest lasting achievement of Gov. Shivers 2nd Term
- Overhauled the administration and financing o the TX public school system
- remains basis of school system today
- Changed state board of education from appointed to elected body
- doubled state's funding
- mandated 9 months of schooling
- consolidated school districts
- supplemented local taxes with state funds
- provided for teacher certification with increased teacher pay but remained low compared to nation
- ordinary Texans bore brunt of increased consumer taxes to fund reforms
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Term
Identify the importance of the:
Tidelands controversy |
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Definition
Occured during Shivers' 2nd term as Governor
Refused to endorse Dem. Presidential nominee Stevenson because:
- Shivers & Texas disagreed with federal Attorney General Daniel (and Stevenson's) of the ownership of the oil-rich Gulf coastal lands
- Although the Republic of Texas was guaranteed control of coastal water out to 10.5 miles from shore by the 1845 annexation treaty, the federal courts and the Truman Administration asserted the National Government's supreme right to control offshore lands.
- Shivers then initially agreed not to assert claims to the Tidelands but to split royalties between TX and the Federal Government.
- But political pressure from rivalries and oil interests convinced Shivers to reject anything short of full state retention of the Tidelands
- Endorsed Republican rival Eisenhower because:
- Eisenhower promised to maintain TX's control over Tidelands
- Fulfilled campaign promise with elected president
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Term
Identify the importance of the:
Mansfield High School desegregation crisis |
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Definition
Under Gov. Shivers
- Texas uproar against the allowance of 3 black students, by federal order, to attend Mansfield High
- Mobs surrounded school grounds to block entrance to the 3 students
- Gov. sent TX Rangers to maintain order but orders were to arrest any black students trying to attend under the pretense of "Disturbing the peace."
- Succeeded in intervening with federal orders because:
- then president Eisenhower was running for re-election and didn't want to intercede for fear of losing the white southern/Texan vote.
- Integration of Mansfield failed for several more years
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