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| Movement of Christians who, seeking change, turned away from the papacy & the Catholic Church. |
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Italian friar who came to Florence to preach in 1490.
§ In eloquent sermons, he called for reform of the Church.
§ 1494-he helped overthrow Florence’ ruler. 1494-1498-virtually controlled Florence.
§ 1497-demanded that people of Florence gather their personal “vanities” & burn them.
Christian humanists = Northern Renaissance scholars who showed more interest in religion. |
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One of best known Christian humanists. From Holland.
§ 1509-Wrote his most famous book-In Praise of Folly
o Poked fun at greedy merchants, quarrelsome scholars, & pompous priests. |
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Other famous Christian humanist. England.
§ 1516-Utopia-nearly perfect society based on reason & mercy. Greed, corruption, war, & crime had been gotten rid of. |
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Printed by Johann Gutenberg (German) in 1455.
§ 1st full-size book printed with movable type |
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| How did printing prepare the way for a religious revolution? |
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§ Many writers criticized the corruption of Renaissance popes, like Erasmus.
§ Printed books on religion encouraged popular piety. Ex. Painters depicted Christ.
§ Made the Bible available to all who could read. No longer had to depend on Church to interpret the Bible. People could now read it & interpret it for themselves.
§ New ideas spread more quickly than ever before. |
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(1483-1546). German Christian.
§ Started by criticizing indulgences. But, then wanted a full reform of the Church.
§ Translated the Bible into Germany so German who didn’t know Latin could read it.
§ Him & his followers became a separate religious group = Lutherans. |
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| 3 main ideas of his teachings (MartinLuther) |
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§ Salvation by faith alone: Not “good works” as the Church said.
§ The Bible as the only authority for Christian life: Pope was a false authority.
§ The priesthood of all believers: all people w/ faith were equal. Didn’t need priests. |
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| friar in Wittenberg who sold indulgences, trying to raise money. |
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Pardons that released the buyer from time in Purgatory.
§ An indulgence was only supposed to free a sinner from the penance a priest had set.
§ Greedy Tetzel gave people the impression that they could buy their way into heaven. |
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Luther was offended by Johann Tetzel.
§ He wrote 95 theses (formal statements) attacking the “pardon-merchants.”-1517
§ Posted theses on door of castle church in Wittenberg Ù Started the Reformation.
§ Someone copied Luther’s words & printed them Ù quickly known all over Germany. |
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Issued bull threatening Luther w/ excommunication unless he recanted (take back).
§ Excommunicated Luther after Luther threw the bull into a fire. |
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the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to Worms-1521.
§ Charles issued an imperial order, Edict of Worms, declaring Luther an outlaw & heretic.
o Edict said no one in empire could aid Luther. No place for him to hide.
o However, Luther lived comfortably in Germany for 25 more years. |
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Luther’s hometown in Germany.
§ When Luther returned in 1522, many of his ideas had been put into practice.
o Town priests wore ordinary clothes & called themselves ministers.
o Led services in German, not Latin. |
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1524-German peasants, excited by reformers’ talk of Chritian freedom, demanded an end to their economic & political bondage. (1524-5)
§ Demanded the serfdom be abolished.
§ Luther was horrified by revolt, saying he wanted only peaceful reform.
§ Crushed by princes’ armies Ù success of Lutheranism depended on support of princes.
§ Lower classes felt betrayed by Luther & many turned away from his leadership. |
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Henry’s (1st) wife. Only had one child-daughter Mary.
§ Aunt of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V |
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Became king of England in 1509. Son of “new monarch” Henry VII. 6 WIVES.
§ Devout Catholic, but anxious about the future of his line.
§ Feared that another civil war would occur if he had no male heir to inherit the crown.
§ Wanted to legally end his marriage to Catherine to find new queen to give him a son.
§ Asked pope to end marriage to Catherine. Pope declined b/c he was prisoner to Charles V.
§ Called Reformation Parliament to pass group of laws stripping pope’s power in England
o Legalized Henry’s divorce from Catherine
o Passed law saying pope was not to interfere with king’s divorce & remarriage.
§ 1534-Henry’s break w/ Church made complete-Parliament approved Act of Supremacy.
o English king, not Roman pope, was now official head of England’s Church. |
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Church that began after Henry’s break w/ Roman Catholic Church in 1534.
§ King was the official head of the Church, not the pope.
§ All priests & bishops were subject to king’s appointment & approval.
§ Remained close to Catholic Church in many of its doctrines & ceremonies. |
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Henry 8’s 2nd wife. Married after Henry’s legal divorce from Catherine-1533,
§ After being crowned queen, Anne gave birth to Henry’s child = Elizabeth I.
§ Imprisoned & beheaded. |
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French. Studied law & philosophy at University of Paris. Influenced by Luther.
§ 1536-Institutes of the Christian Religion-systematic Protestant philosophy |
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Calvin’s doctrine
§ Taught that men & women are by nature sinful.
§ By God’s grace, very few people will be saved from sin = “the elect”
§ B/c God is all-knowing, he has known since the beginning who will be saved. |
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Government controlled by church leaders (the elect)
§ Major difference from Lutheranism b/c Luther preached obedience to earthly rulers. |
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Geneva, Switzerland where Calvin set up the theocracy he described in his book.
§ Calvin & his followers regulated the lives of everybody who lived in the city. |
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Preacher from Scotland who admired “City of Saints”
§ 1559-Put Calvin’s ideas on church organization to work in Scottish towns.
o Each community church was governed by small group of laymen = presbyters
§ From this organization, followers of Knox Ù Presbyterians
o Created a national church & made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion. |
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| followers of Calvin in France. |
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Born in 1491 in Spain.
§ 1522-Spritual Exercises-laid out day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer & study.
§ Over next 18 years, gathered a band of followers & won support of Pope Paul III.
§ 1540-pope made Ignatius’s company a new monastic order called Society of Jesus
o Those who joined were called Jesuits.
§ Jesuits emphasized absolute discipline & obedience. Concentrated on 3 activities:
o Founded scholars throughout Europe, teaching classical studies & theology.
o Convert non-Christians to Catholicism
o Prevent Protestantism from spreading. (into Poland & southern Germany). |
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(1534-1549) Took 3 important steps in reforming Catholic Church:
§ Directed a council of cardinals to make a thorough investigation of simony, indulgence selling, & other abuses within the Church.
§ Approved the Jesuit order.
§ Decided to call a great council of Church leaders Ù |
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Catholic bishops & cardinals met in town of Trent in northern Italy-1545
Agreed on following doctrines:
§ Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final.
§ Christians were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. Saved by faith & good works.
§ Bible & Church tradition shared equal authority for guiding a Christian’s life
§ Indulgences, pilgrimages, & venerations of holy relic were valid expressions of Christian piety. Banned false selling of indulgences. |
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| List of books that Pope Paul IV considered dangerous to Catholic faith. These forbidden books were burned. |
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| Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation |
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2 names for this reform in Catholic Church.
§ Counter-Reformation: Protestant-historians say goal was to stamp out Protestantism
§ Catholic Reformation: Historians stress Catholic’s desire to end Church corruption. |
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famous religious settlement signed in 1555 in the city of Augsberg.
§ Princes agreed that the religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler.
§ German princes could choose eLutheranism or Catholicism. Calvinism was banned. |
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| profound change in European thought. Way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation & willingness to question accepted beliefs. |
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Earth-centered theory. Defended by Aristotle & Ptolemy.
§ Church taught that God had deliberately placed Earth at center of universe |
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| Sun-centered theory. Published by Copernicus. |
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Polish churchman & astronomer.
§ After studying planetary movements, he concluded sun, not Earth, was center of the universe.
§ Book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
§ His work angered both Protestant & Catholic leaders, so banned his ideas in 1616. |
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Proposed 3 laws of planetary motion that proved the heliocentric theory was true:
§ Planets revolve around sun in elliptical orbits. Not in perfect circles as many thought.
§ Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach the sun
§ Time taken by planets to orbit the sun varies w/ their distance from the sun. |
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New approach to study of science used by Kepler.
§ Uses a logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas. |
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Discovered the law of the pendulum which disproved Aristotle’s theory.
§ Each swing of the pendulum took exactly same amount of time.
§ Designed a simple-string pendulum that helped doctor’s take pulse.
§ Disproved another Aristotle theory Ù found objects of different weights fall at same speed.
§ Built a telescope that allowed him to observe the sun, moon, & other planets.
§ Invented the 1st thermometer, which used alcohol.
§ Church forced to call the ideas of Copernicus a false opinion, recanting all his theories. |
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Flemish doctor. Published On the Fabric of the Human Body
§ Book illustrated human muscles, bones, & organs in great detail.
§ Both text & drawings demonstrated that human anatomy was different from other animals. |
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| English doctor. 1628-book showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. Disproved the theory that blood came out of the liver. |
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| Used a microscope (invented by Janssen) to observe bacteria swimming his own saliva. Also described red blood cells. |
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